Table 2. Local description of syndromes that the authors interpret as representing African swine fever (ASF), descriptions of clinical signs, and treatment and prevention method used (based on data from focus group discussions and individual interviews).

Local names of ASF	Descriptions	Local treatment and prevention method	Comments
African swine fever	Weak body, saliva from the mouth, sleepy, sneezing, sweat from ears and nose, rapid death, colour changes in bones.	• Regular deworming of pigs was reported to reduce the risk of ASF. • Keeping pigs in the same place, thus avoiding pigs intermingling with other people’s pigs, was said to prevent ASF. • Avoiding bringing meat from the pork joint in the village centre back home was described as preventing ASF. • Stop pigs eating the bones of dead pigs, as ASF was said to be stuck in bones. • Injections or pharmaceuticals from veterinarians were suggested as a measure to prevent and control ASF. • Described as difficult to prevent and treat.	Uncertainty among informants about the efficiency of injections in the case of ASF.
Malaria	Weakness, colour changes behind the ears and in the skin (darker), shaking body, sweat from the nose, saliva from the mouth, loss of appetite, sleepy, sneezing, changed colour of meat, rapid death of all pigs.	• Consulting a veterinarian to deworm the infected pigs was suggested to prevent malaria. • Described as difficult to prevent and treat.	• It was reported that the health of pigs only appeared to improve temporarily after deworming. • Several informants believed that malaria was treatable, but the problem was that they did not have any efficient treatment to hand.
Orerea/outbreaks	Body becomes weak and thin, hair standing up, saliva from mouth, dark spots on body, pigs running around in circles, tail hanging down, loss of appetite, vomiting, colour changes in meat, affecting several pigs at once, rapid death.	• Deworming believed to reduce risks of infection. • Calling veterinarian to get an injection (type of injection unknown/unspecified) was believed to reduce the risk of infection and also enhance chances of controlling outbreaks. • Treat with papaya leaves. • Treat with mix of washing powder and water. • Improvement of general conditions for pig keeping was described as important to avoid infection: feed, regularly provide water, confine pigs (confinement of pigs to avoid infection). • Described as difficult to prevent and treat.	• One informant believed that the colour of meat did not change because of the disease, but due to being treated with a mix of washing powder and water, and another that the colour of meat changed due to treatment with papaya leaves. • Administering injections (as fast as possible after recognising infection) was described as potentially helpful, but it was also reported that the health only appeared to improve temporarily. • Many informants described how it was difficult to construct housing due to financial constraints.
Running around	Changed behaviour, running around in circles, unstable legs, loss of energy, rapid death.	Described as difficult to prevent and treat.

^aOrere (disease outbreaks) was not a term restricted to disease outbreaks in pigs, but was also used when describing disease outbreaks in poultry. Disease outbreaks were referred to by smallholders in both English and Luo.