Table 2. Type of antibiotics use in the poultry farms at Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, March to June 2022.
| Variables | Category | Frequency N (%) | ESBL-status | Fisher’s Exact test p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESBL-positive | ESBL- Negative | ||||
| Antibiotics use | Yes | 82 (94.3) | 11 (13.4) | 71(86.6) | 1.00 |
| No | 5 (5.7) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (100) | ||
| Use of enrofloxacin | Yes | 68 (82.9) | 11 (16.2) | 57(83.8) | 0.197 |
| No | 14 (17.1) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (100) | ||
| Use of oxytetracycline | Yes | 62 (75.6) | 10 (16.1) | 52 (83.9) | 0.279 |
| No | 20 (24.4) | 1 (5.0) | 19 (95.0) | ||
| Use of trimethoprim and sulphadiazine | Yes | 14 (17.1) | 5 (35.7) | 9 (64.3 | 0.018* |
| No | 68 (82.9) | 6 (8.8) | 62 (91.2) | ||
| Use of ciprofloxacin | Yes | 8 (9.8) | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 0.001* |
| No | 74 (90.2) | 6 (8.1) | 68 (91.9) | ||
| Antibiotics used for treatment purposes | Yes | 71 (86.6) | 11 (15.5) | 60 (84.5) | 0.345 |
| No | 11 (13.4) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (100) | ||
| Antibiotics used for prevention purposes | Yes | 4 (4.9) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100) | 1.00 |
| No | 78 (95.1) | 11 (13.8) | 67 (85.9) | ||
| Antibiotics are used for both prevention and treatment purposes | Yes | 75 (91.5) | 11 (14.1) | 64 (85.3) | 0.586 |
| No | 7 (8.5) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100) | ||
| Frequency of antibiotics use | Regularly | 8 (9.8) | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 1.00 |
| Occasionally | 74 (90.2) | 10 (13.5) | 64 (86.5) | ||
| Sources of antibiotics | Veterinary drug store | 73 (89) | 7 (9.6) | 66 (90.4) | 0.016* |
| Parallel market | 9 (11) | 4 (44.4) | 5 (55.6) | ||
| A common route of antibiotics administration | Mixed with feed and/or water | 76 (92.7) | 11 (14.5) | 65(85.5) | 1.00 |
| Injection or others | 6 (7.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (100) | ||
* Associations between independent variables and ESBL-producing isolates