Table 1.
Published reports on MPXV detection in wastewater.
| Country | Sample Type | Concentration Method | Nucleic Acid Extraction kit | Molecular Assays | Findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baltimore,USA | Grab and 24-h composite | Polyethylene glycol precipitation and Adsorption-elution using an electronegative filter membrane | All prep PowerViral RNA/DNA kit | CDC assays G2R_G and G2R_WA. | MPXV was detected in 72 % (13/18) of the total wastewater samples. PEG precipitation method performed better compared to AE method. No correlation between wastewater concentration of MPXV and new Mpox cases was observed. |
This study |
| California, USA | 24-h composite influent and settled solids | For solids, suspends in buffer and homogenization For liquids, magnetic hydrogel Nanotrap particles |
Chemagic Viral DNA/RNA 300 Kit (PerkinElmer, Waltham, MA) and Zymo OneStep-96 PCR Inhibitor Removal kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA) | CDC assays G2R_G and G2R_WA using Droplet digital PCR |
Concentration of MPXV is significantly higher in wastewater solids compared to liquid fraction on a per mass basis. MPXV DNA was detected in wastewater samples across all sites. No difference in the ability to detect MPXV was observed between G2R_G and G2R-WA assays. Positive correlation between MPXV in wastewater solids and the incidence of reported cases at the sites was observed. |
Wolfe et al., 2023 |
| Miami USA |
Grab and composite samples | electronegative filtration | Zymo Research Quick-RNA Viral Kit | Assay targeting CrmB region of MPXV genome. | MPXV DNA was detected in concentrated wastewater collected weekly from the Miami-Dade Central District Wastewater Treatment Plant. It was first detected in July 2022 and positivity increased during the study period. | Sharkey et al., 2023 |
| Canada | 24-h composite samples | Centrifugation | MagAttract PowerMicrobiome DNA/RNA (Qiagen) |
CDC G2R assays (G2R_WA and G2R_G) and in-house-developed assay (G2R_NML). | Development and application of G2R_NML assay for Mpox surveillance. The positivity rate for G2R_G, G2R_WA, and G2R_NML assays was found to be 16 %, 28 % and 76 %, respectively. | Mejia et al., 2022 |
| France | 24-h composite samples | Centrifugation | PowerFecal Pro kit (#938036, QIAGEN, France) | MPXV TaqMan assay (20× concentrate) (#Vi07922155_s1, ThermoFisher Scientific, France) Qiacuity and Quantstudio |
MPXV concentrations ranged between ∼2000 and ∼40,000 copies/L in positive samples. Positive correlation between MPXV concentration in wastewater and the weekly new Mpox cases was observed. |
Wurtzer et al., 2022 |
| Netherlands | 24-h flow proportional | Centrifugation Processed volume: 25 mL |
DNeasy blood and tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) | CDC Assays (Li et al., 2010) | MPXV DNA was detected in 45/108 (42 %) wastewater samples between 16 May–3 July 2022. | de Jonge et al., 2022 |
| Italy | 24-h composite wastewater samples | Polyethylene glycol/sodium chloride precipitation protocol Processed volume 90 mL |
NucliSens miniMAG (bioMérieux, https://www.biomerieux.com) and OneStep PCR Inhibitor Removal Kit (Zymo Research) |
N3R, F3L, and CDC assay G2R_G. |
3/20 samples tested positive for MPXV. |
La Rosa et al., 2023 |
| Thailand | Grab | Centricon® Plus-70 centrifugal ultrafilter (100 kDa cut-off) (Merck Millipore) | DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit, Qiagen | CDC assays G2R_G and G2R_WA. |
4.76 % to 9.52 % sample positivity increase within a month | Wannigama et al., 2023 |
| Spain | Grab | Aluminum adsorption-precipitation method | Maxwell® RSC Instrument (Promega) using the Maxwell RSC Pure Food GMO and authentication kit (Promega) | CDC G2R_G and G2R_WA assays. |
56/312 samples tested positive for MPXV | Girón-Guzmán et al., 2023 |
| Poland | NA | NA | NA | Commercially available qPCR TaqMan-specific probes and primers (Vi07922155_s1; ThermoFisher) | MPXV was detected for several weeks at different treatment plants. | Gazecka et al., 2023 |