Table 1.
Contextual Factors Among Vape Shops Assessed in Summer 2018 (N = 179) and Fall 2021 (N = 119)
| 2018 | 2021 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 179 | N = 119 | ||||
| Variable | N (%) | Kappa | N (%) | Kappa | p |
| MSA* | |||||
| Atlanta | 29 (16.2) | — | 19 (16.0) | — | — |
| Boston | 29 (16.2) | — | 20 (16.8) | — | — |
| Minneapolis | 30 (16.8) | — | 21 (17.6) | — | — |
| Oklahoma City | 31 (17.3) | — | 20 (16.8) | — | — |
| San Diego | 30 (16.8) | — | 20 (16.8) | — | — |
| Seattle | 30 (16.8) | — | 19 (16.0) | — | — |
| Any minimum-age signage | 171 (95.5) | 0.83 | 107 (89.9) | 0.67 | .058 |
| Minimum age to enter signage | 109 (60.9) | 0.68 | 58 (48.7) | 0.72 | .038 |
| Minimum age to purchase signage | 162 (90.5) | 0.83 | 88 (73.9) | 0.63 | <.001 |
| Vaping/smoking signage and behaviors | |||||
| No vaping signs | 18 (10.1) | 0.81 | 7 (5.9) | 0.79 | .218 |
| No smoking signs | 39 (21.8) | 0.79 | 8 (6.7) | 0.85 | .001 |
| Vaping in shop | 131 (73.2) | 0.77 | 55 (46.2) | 0.77 | <.001 |
| Smoking in shop | 3 (1.7) | 1.00 | 3 (2.5) | 0.79 | .604 |
| Consumer setting | |||||
| Customer lounge seating | 159 (88.8) | 0.96 | 63 (52.9) | 0.74 | <.001 |
| Counter/tasting bar seating | 117 (65.2) | 1.00 | 41 (34.5) | 0.72 | <.001 |
| Access to e-liquids | |||||
| Offer free e-liquid samples | 29 (16.3) | 0.98 | 24 (20.2) | 0.80 | .327 |
| E-liquids sampling (in ways below) | 135 (90.0) | 0.96 | 40 (33.6) | 0.93 | <.001 |
| Use shop’s device and e-liquid w/o nicotine | 69 (46.0) | 0.95 | 4 (3.4) | 0.39 | <.001 |
| Use shop’s device and e-liquid w/ nicotine | 24 (16.0) | 1.00 | 9 (7.6) | 0.78 | .115 |
| Use own device and e-liquid w/o nicotine | 30 (20.0) | 0.93 | 1 (0.8) | 1.00 | <.001 |
| Use own device and e-liquid w/ nicotine | 6 (4.0) | 0.91 | 5 (4.2) | 0.32 | .703 |
| Smell | 82 (54.7) | 0.99 | 37 (31.1) | 0.77 | .011 |
| Taste | 36 (24.0) | 1.00 | 25 (21.0) | 0.73 | .851 |
| Parameters (eg, membership, cost/trial) | 5 (3.3) | 0.89 | 1 (0.8) | 1.00 | .240 |
*Between May–July 2018, data collection were conducted in Atlanta, Oklahoma City, San Diego, Seattle, Boston, and Minneapolis-St. Paul, respectively. Between October and December 2021, data collection were conducted in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Oklahoma City, Seattle, San Diego, Boston, and Atlanta, respectively. n/a = not assessed.
§Significance level set at alpha = 0.01. intra-class correlations (ICCs) among metropolitan statistical areas were <0.20, except for: (0.20–0.50) no vaping or smoking signs and lounge/bar seating; and (>0.50) for sampling with nicotine liquids.