Table. Estimated Opioid Overdose Deaths Averted Between August 2020 and June 2025 by the Duration of Sustaining Different Interventions in Kentucky, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio.

Sustained interventions	Deaths averted between August 2020 and June 2025 under different durations of sustainment of interventions
	2-fold MOUD initiation increase				5-fold MOUD initiation increase
	Intervention period only	Sustainment, y			Intervention period only	Sustainment, y
		1	2	3		1	2	3
Kentucky
Sustain all 4 interventions	455	691	892	1049	746	1084	1336	1499
Increased MOUD initiation		486	506	511		850	913	932
Increased MOUD retentiona		485	504	511		793	817	825
OENDb		600	746	892		882	1021	1162
Safe opioid prescribingc		474	486	490		765	777	781
Massachusetts
Sustain all 4 interventions	1056	1572	1972	2231	2051	2867	3414	3689
Increased MOUD initiation		1185	1270	1299		2418	2656	2736
Increased MOUD retentiona		1172	1247	1276		2213	2301	2334
OENDb		1258	1468	1685		2224	2411	2610
Safe opioid prescribingc		1091	1108	1112		2087	2104	2108
New York
Sustain all 4 interventions	1608	2401	3035	3490	2886	4026	4817	5280
Increased MOUD initiation		1764	1862	1893		3319	3585	3667
Increased MOUD retentiona		1757	1850	1885		3092	3200	3239
OENDb		1998	2396	2802		3237	3606	3988
Safe opioid prescribingc		1666	1698	1707		2944	2976	2985
Ohio
Sustain all 4 interventions	2084	3122	3945	4518	3724	5363	6513	7132
Increased MOUD initiation		2280	2409	2453		4356	4766	4904
Increased MOUD retentiona		2269	2389	2437		4006	4154	4208
OENDb		2549	3032	3530		4140	4583	5052
Safe opioid prescribingc		2216	2280	2295		3856	3920	3936

Abbreviations: MOUD, medication for opioid use disorder; OEND, overdose education and naloxone distribution.

^a MOUD retention at the level observed in clinical trials (6-month retention of 46% for buprenorphine and 74% for methadone).

^b OEND that translates to a 10% mortality rate reduction.

^c An increase in safe opioid prescribing that translates to a 50% reduction in new prescription opioid misuse.