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. 2023 Jun 9;25:65. doi: 10.1186/s13058-023-01670-z

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — HDMI image acquisition and a set of processing for image segmentation to extract vessel biomarkers: A HDMI image acquisition of ALN, B Microvasculature image of a metastatic ALN, C Defined ROI with 2 mm dilation of the ALN, D Conversion of the microvasculature image into a binary image, E skeleton image of vessel network, F HDMI biomarkers extracted for the skeleton to be used for distinguishing the metastatic ALN from reactive. HDMI: High definition microvessel imaging; ALN: Axillary lymph node; mvFD: Microvessel fractal dimension; NB: Number of branch points; VD: Vessel density; SVP: Spatial vascularity pattern; D: Diameter; τ: Tortuosity; NV: Number of vessel segments; MD: Murray’s deviation; VDR: Vessel density ratio; BA: Bifurcation angle.