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. 2023 May 11;47(3):fuad023. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fuad023

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© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of FEMS.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 1. — Nisin biosynthesis, regulation, and immunity. Nisin is first synthesized as an unmodified precursor (NisA) consisting of a leader peptide and core peptide. NisA is processed by the dehydratase NisB and cyclase NisC and transported by NisT (NisABCT complex) at the old pole in L. lactis. The mature bioactive peptide is released by leader peptide cleavage performed by NisP. Immunity from the active peptide is provided by two distinct immunity systems composed of a lipoprotein NisI and an ABC transporter NisFEG. To ensure a proper balance between production and immunity, nisin expression is regulated via a two-component signal TCS composed of a sensor NisK, and response regulator NisR that activate the nisin promoter (P*).