Table 1. Inflammatory soluble factors or immune cells and their effect on stem cell function.

Soluble factors or immune cell	Cellular origin	Stem cell type	Effects on stem cell function	References
IL-1	Macrophages	Bone marrow derived MSC	Prime MSCs towards an anti-inflammatory and pro-trophic phenotype in vitro	Redondo-Castro et al. (2017)
IL-1 α/IL-13/TNF- α/IFN- γ	T cell/ macrophages	Muscle stem cells (MuSCs)	Serially expand MuSCs in vitro for over 20 passages	Fu et al. (2015)
IL-22	T cell	Intestinal stem cell (ISC)	Augment the growth of mouse and human intestinal organoids, increase ISC proliferation and expansion.	Lindemans et al. (2015)
PGE2	Inflammatory cells	ISC	Promote ISC self-renewal	Zhu et al. (2022)
PGE2	Inflammatory cells	MuSC	Promote MuSC proliferation	Ho et al. (2017)
Tregs	T cell	Hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs)	Augment HFSCs proliferation and differentiation	Ali et al. (2017)
IFN- γ/ IL-13/ IL-17	T cell	ISC	Promote ISC differentiation	Biton et al. (2018)
IL-10	T cell	ISC	Promote ISC self-renewal	Biton et al. (2018)
IL-1/TNF- α	Tcell/macrophages	Gingival mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (G-MSCs)	Stimulate G-MSCs regeneration and osteogenesis	Zhang et al. (2017)