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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jun 11.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet Digit Health. 2023 Apr 14;5(6):e350–e359. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00043-2

Figure 3: The longitudinal association between physical frailty and health-related measures.

Figure 3:

(A) Physical frailty at baseline was significantly associated with 70 of 152 health-related outcomes examined at follow-up after controlling for the baseline level of these outcomes and numerous confounders alongside their change over time (p<3·29 × 10−4; Bonferroni-corrected). The pie charts show the number of significant and insignificant associations. Health measures not showing significant associations are shown in grey. The top ten health measures showing numerically significant associations with frailty are highlighted. (B) The reverse associations (baseline health measures predicting future frailty) reached statistical significance for 85 measures. (C) Significant bidirectional associations were observed for mental health measures, for which baseline frailty predicted 17 of 18 mental health traits at a 9-year follow-up, and the reverse was also significant in 15 of 18 measures. L=left. R=right. PHQ=patient health questionnaire.