Table 3.
Association of incident risk by substance with behavioral and cognitive predictors.
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Substance Use Outcome | Exposure of Interest | Incident Cases in the Adjusted Model | Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | p-value | Hazard Ratio (95 % CI) | p-value |
| Alcohol | Interference Index (Raw Score) | 119 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.32) | 0.67 | 0.99 (0.78, 1.27) | 0.94 |
| CCTT-1: Time T score | 119 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.01) | 0.15 | |
| CCTT-2: Time T score | 119 | 1.00 (0.99, 1.02) | 0.72 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.79 | |
| Child BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 103 | 0.86 (0.43, 1.73) | 0.67 | 0.54 (0.24, 1.21) | 0.13 | |
| Child BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 103 | 1.46 (0.78, 2.74) | 0.24 | 1.09 (0.54, 2.20) | 0.80 | |
| Child BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 103 | 0.68 (0.31, 1.48) | 0.33 | 0.39 (0.16, 0.96) | 0.041 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 110 | 1.26 (0.79, 2.02) | 0.33 | 1.25 (0.74, 2.10) | 0.40 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 110 | 1.11 (0.68, 1.82) | 0.68 | 1.13 (0.65, 1.96) | 0.67 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 110 | 1.60 (1.04, 2.48) | 0.034 | 1.50 (0.93, 2.42) | 0.096 | |
| Sensation Seeking (Per 10 pts) | 130 | 1.31 (1.11, 1.55) | 0.001 | 1.32 (1.11, 1.58) | 0.002 | |
| WISC: FSIQ (Per 15 pts) | 176 | 1.10 (0.94, 1.27) | 0.24 | 1.14 (0.97, 1.35) | 0.12 | |
| Perceptual Reasoning (Per 15) | 176 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.73 | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | 0.54 | |
| Processing Speed (Per 15 pts) | 176 | 1.01 (0.87, 1.17) | 0.92 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.25) | 0.49 | |
| Verbal comprehension (Per 15 pts) | 176 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.32) | 0.14 | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 0.14 | |
| Working Memory (Per 15) | 176 | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 0.018 | 1.21 (1.04, 1.42) | 0.017 | |
| Marijuana | Interference Index (Raw Score) | 126 | 1.08 (0.87, 1.33) | 0.50 | 1.01 (0.81, 1.26) | 0.93 |
| CCTT-1: Time T score | 126 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.008 | |
| CCTT-2: Time T score | 126 | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.082 | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) | 0.026 | |
| Child BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 116 | 1.28 (0.71, 2.03) | 0.41 | 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) | 0.85 | |
| Child BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 116 | 1.82 (1.03, 3.22) | 0.039 | 1.22 (0.65, 2.30) | 0.54 | |
| Child BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 116 | 1.36 (0.76, 2.43) | 0.299 | 1.02 (0.53, 1.97) | 0.95 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 120 | 1.34 (0.87, 2.07) | 0.18 | 1.02 (0.65, 1.60) | 0.93 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 120 | 1.41 (0.90, 2.23) | 0.14 | 1.29 (0.80, 2.09) | 0.30 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 120 | 1.57 (1.04, 2.39) | 0.033 | 1.16 (0.75, 1.81) | 0.50 | |
| Sensation Seeking (Per 10 pts) | 138 | 1.39 (1.18, 1.63) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.07, 1.55) | 0.007 | |
| WISC: FSIQ (Per 15 pts) | 172 | 0.98 (0.84, 1.14) | 0.80 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 0.52 | |
| Perc Reasoning (Per 15 pts) | 172 | 1.06 (0.90, 1.24) | 0.48 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.30) | 0.32 | |
| Processing Speed (Per 15 pts) | 172 | 0.98 (0.85, 1.14) | 0.84 | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 0.15 | |
| Verbal comprehension (Per 15 pts) | 172 | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.26 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.14) | 0.60 | |
| Working Memory (Per 15 pts) | 172 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 0.68 | 1.07 (0.90, 1.25) | 0.45 | |
| Other Substance | Interference Index (Raw Score) | 41 | 1.07 (0.73, 1.59) | 0.72 | 1.07 (0.72, 1.58) | 0.75 |
| CCTT-1: Time T score | 41 | 0.96 (0.93, 1.00) | 0.053 | 0.96 (0.92, 1.00) | 0.071 | |
| CCTT-2: Time T score | 41 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 0.35 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 0.53 | |
| Child BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 35 | 0.42 (0.10, 1.83) | 0.25 | 0.16 (0.02, 1.26) | 0.082 | |
| Child BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 35 | 0.40 (0.09, 1.76) | 0.23 | 0.14 (0.02, 1.11) | 0.062 | |
| Child BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 35 | 0.46 (0.11, 1.97) | 0.29 | 0.18 (0.02, 1.44) | 0.11 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 39 | 0.82 (0.35, 1.91) | 0.65 | 0.73 (0.29, 1.87) | 0.51 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 39 | 0.87 (0.35, 2.13) | 0.76 | 0.74 (0.28, 1.97) | 0.54 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 39 | 0.88 (0.38, 2.05) | 0.78 | 0.98 (0.40, 2.39) | 0.96 | |
| Sensation Seeking (Per 10 pts) | 43 | 1.05 (0.78, 1.42) | 0.75 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.38) | 0.86 | |
| WISC: FSIQ (Per 15 pts) | 50 | 1.50 (1.09, 2.06) | 0.013 | 1.43 (1.00, 2.05) | 0.048 | |
| Perc Reasoning (Per 15 pts) | 50 | 1.45 (1.05, 2.00) | 0.022 | 1.25 (0.88, 1.77) | 0.21 | |
| Processing Speed (Per 15 pts) | 50 | 1.19 (0.89, 1.58) | 0.24 | 1.13 (0.82, 1.56) | 0.47 | |
| Verbal comprehension (Per 15 pts) | 50 | 1.38 (1.02, 1.87) | 0.035 | 1.43 (1.02, 2.00) | 0.038 | |
| Working Memory (Per 15 pts) | 50 | 1.33 (0.98, 1.79) | 0.068 | 1.28 (0.91, 1.78) | 0.15 | |
| Tobacco | Interference Index (Raw Score) | 82 | 1.24 (0.96, 1.61) | 0.10 | 1.19 (0.93, 1.53) | 0.17 |
| CCTT-1: Time T score | 82 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.94, 1.00) | 0.03 | |
| CCTT-2: Time T score | 82 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.39 | 1.00 (0.98, 1.02) | 0.86 | |
| Child BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 69 | 0.64 (0.23, 1.81) | 0.40 | 0.9 (0.30, 2.64) | 0.84 | |
| Child BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 69 | 1.00 (0.38, 2.61) | 1.00 | 1.43 (0.51, 4.00) | 0.49 | |
| Child BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 69 | 1.01 (0.42, 2.39) | 0.99 | 1.28 (0.50, 3.29) | 0.60 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: GEC ≥65 | 77 | 0.97 (0.53, 1.78) | 0.93 | 0.87 (0.47, 1.63) | 0.66 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: BRI ≥65 | 77 | 1.52 (0.87, 2.68) | 0.14 | 1.43 (0.78, 2.61) | 0.24 | |
| Caregiver BRIEF: MI ≥65 | 77 | 1.05 (0.59, 1.89) | 0.86 | 0.99 (0.53, 1.83) | 0.97 | |
| Sensation Seeking (Per 10 pts) | 87 | 1.29 (1.05, 1.59) | 0.02 | 1.17 (0.93, 1.48) | 0.19 | |
| WISC: FSIQ (Per 15 pts) | 119 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.28) | 0.51 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.28) | 0.73 | |
| Perc Reasoning (Per 15 pts) | 119 | 1.13 (0.94, 1.37) | 0.19 | 1.10 (0.89, 1.36) | 0.36 | |
| Processing Speed (Per 15 pts) | 119 | 0.99 (0.83, 1.19) | 0.93 | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) | 0.64 | |
| Verbal comprehension (Per 15 pts) | 119 | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 0.98 | 0.98 (0.80, 1.21) | 0.87 | |
| Working Memory (Per 15 pts) | 119 | 1.14 (0.95, 1.37) | 0.16 | 1.13 (0.92, 1.39) | 0.26 | |
1
Cox proportional hazards regression, withsite specific baseline hazards and clustered on caregiver, was used to estimate hazard ratios, adjustment included substance caregiver type, sex, Hispanic ethnicity, race, baseline substance use (other than the outcome), and age. Odds ratios are displayed per test points (pts) for continuous variables, means are displayed on the raw scale. CCTT=Children Color Trials Test; BREIF=Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function; GEC= Global Executive Composite, BRI=Behavioral regulation index; MI=Metacognition index; WISC=Wechsler intelligence scale for children; FSIQ=Full scale intelligence quotient.