Table 1. Characteristics of study participants, according to number of satisfying MVPA, dietary variety, and social interaction.
| Variables | Number of satisfying MVPA, dietary variety, and social interactiona | |||||
|
| ||||||
| All | Not satisfying any behavior |
Satisfying any one behavior |
Satisfying any two behaviors |
Satisfying all three behaviors |
P-value | |
| (n = 7,822) | (n = 451, 5.8%) | (n = 1,620, 20.7%) | (n = 2,975, 38.0%) | (n = 2,776, 35.5%) | ||
| Minutes/week of MVPA, median (interquartile range) |
420 (180–840) | 0 (0–80) | 160 (30–490) | 430 (210–900) | 570 (350–1,020) | <0.001b |
| MVPA ≥150 minutes/week, n (%) | 6,156 (78.7) | 0 (0.0) | 861 (53.2) | 2,519 (84.7) | 2,776 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| DVS, mean (SD) | 3.2 (2.2) | 0.9 (0.8) | 1.7 (1.6) | 2.8 (2.1) | 4.8 (1.7) | <0.001b |
| DVS ≥3, n (%) | 4,457 (57.0) | 0 (0.0) | 292 (18.0) | 1,389 (46.7) | 2,776 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Social interaction of 1 time/week, n (%) | 5,285 (67.6) | 0 (0.0) | 467 (28.8) | 2,042 (68.6) | 2,776 (100.0) | <0.001 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 73.6 (5.5) | 74.0 (5.8) | 73.3 (5.6) | 73.5 (5.4) | 73.8 (5.4) | 0.15b |
| Sex (women), n (%) | 3,856 (49.3) | 133 (29.5) | 570 (35.2) | 1,416 (47.6) | 1,737 (62.6) | <0.001 |
| Living alone, n (%) | 1,535 (19.6) | 98 (21.7) | 306 (18.9) | 569 (19.1) | 562 (20.2) | 0.22 |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 5,327 (68.1) | 288 (63.9) | 1,104 (68.2) | 2,025 (68.1) | 1,910 (68.8) | |
| Widowed or divorced | 1,811 (23.2) | 103 (22.8) | 345 (21.3) | 682 (22.9) | 681 (24.5) | |
| Never married | 595 (7.6) | 53 (11.8) | 150 (9.3) | 236 (7.3) | 156 (5.6) | |
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Junior high school graduation | 1,641 (21.0) | 139 (30.8) | 460 (28.4) | 639 (21.5) | 403 (14.5) | |
| High school graduation | 2,946 (37.7) | 186 (41.2) | 587 (36.2) | 1,182 (39.7) | 991 (35.7) | |
| Junior college/vocational college/ college/graduate school graduation |
3,034 (38.8) | 109 (24.2) | 511 (31.5) | 1,091 (36.7) | 1,323 (47.7) | |
| Other/missing | 201 (2.6) | 17 (3.8) | 62 (3.8) | 63 (2.1) | 59 (2.1) | |
| Equivalent income, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| <2.0 million yen | 1,298 (16.6) | 84 (18.6) | 291 (18.0) | 501 (16.8) | 422 (15.2) | |
| 2.0–3.99 million yen | 2,739 (35.0) | 195 (43.2) | 678 (41.9) | 1,071 (36.0) | 795 (28.6) | |
| ≥4.0 million yen | 2,372 (30.3) | 127 (28.2) | 435 (26.9) | 903 (30.4) | 907 (32.7) | |
| Unknown/missing | 1,413 (18.1) | 45 (10.0) | 216 (13.3) | 500 (16.8) | 652 (23.5) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 22.7 (3.1) | 23.2 (3.4) | 22.9 (3.3) | 22.8 (3.1) | 22.4 (2.9) | <0.001b |
| <18.5 | 609 (7.8) | 39 (8.7) | 121 (7.5) | 208 (7.0) | 241 (8.7) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 5,563 (71.1) | 277 (61.4) | 1,113 (68.7) | 2,120 (71.3) | 2,053 (74.0) | <0.001 |
| ≥25 | 1,606 (20.5) | 130 (28.8) | 374 (23.1) | 631 (21.2) | 471 (17.0) | |
| Hypertension (presence), n (%) | 4,079 (52.2) | 266 (59.0) | 898 (55.4) | 1,582 (53.2) | 1,333 (48.0) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (presence), n (%) | 3,241 (41.4) | 197 (43.7) | 664 (41.0) | 1,227 (41.2) | 1,153 (41.5) | 0.043 |
| Heart disease (presence), n (%) | 1,704 (21.8) | 123 (27.3) | 391 (24.1) | 666 (22.4) | 524 (18.9) | <0.001 |
| Stroke (presence), n (%) | 522 (6.7) | 50 (11.1) | 130 (8.0) | 194 (6.5) | 148 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus (presence), n (%) | 1,375 (17.6) | 95 (21.1) | 314 (19.4) | 524 (17.6) | 442 (15.9) | 0.001 |
| Cancer (presence), n (%) | 1,266 (16.2) | 79 (17.5) | 254 (15.7) | 510 (17.1) | 423 (15.2) | 0.08 |
| Alcohol drinking status (current), n (%) | 4,478 (57.3) | 246 (54.6) | 949 (58.6) | 1,713 (57.6) | 1,570 (56.6) | 0.73 |
| Smoking status (current), n (%) | 991 (12.7) | 100 (22.2) | 310 (19.1) | 381 (12.8) | 200 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Depressive mood (presence), n (%) | 2,564 (32.8) | 247 (54.8) | 709 (43.8) | 978 (32.9) | 630 (22.7) | <0.001 |
| Lower back pain (presence), n (%) | 2,918 (37.3) | 190 (42.1) | 671 (41.4) | 1,131 (38.0) | 926 (33.4) | <0.001 |
| Knee pain (presence), n (%) | 2,352 (30.1) | 135 (29.9) | 497 (30.7) | 933 (31.4) | 787 (28.4) | 0.20 |
| Sitting time, median (interquartile range) | 300 (180–480) | 360 (240–600) | 300 (180–480) | 300 (180–480) | 300 (180–480) | <0.001 |
| <180 minutes/day, n (%) | 1,296 (16.6) | 45 (10.0) | 258 (15.9) | 506 (17.0) | 487 (17.5) | <0.001 |
| 180–299 minutes/day, n (%) | 1,751 (22.4) | 91 (20.2) | 327 (20.2) | 682 (22.9) | 651 (23.5) | |
| 300–479 minutes/day, n (%) | 2,031 (26.0) | 100 (22.2) | 408 (25.2) | 800 (26.9) | 723 (26.0) | |
| ≥480 minutes/day, n (%) | 2,276 (29.1) | 179 (39.7) | 511 (31.5) | 811 (27.3) | 775 (27.9) | |
| IADL dependency (presence), n (%) | 893 (11.4) | 130 (28.8) | 271 (16.7) | 328 (11.0) | 164 (5.9) | <0.001 |
DVS, Dietary Variety Score; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; SD, standard deviation.
aTotal MVPA time ≥150 minutes/week, DVS ≥3, and social interaction (apart from cohabiting family members) ≥1 time/week were defined as sufficiency, respectively.
bP for trend test.
The sum of the percentage of respondents and the percentage of missing values (not shown in the table) for each category is 100%.