Table 2. Multilevel survival analyses of independent associations of each MVPA, dietary variety, and social interaction with incident disability (n = 7,822).

Variables included simultaneously in the same model	Number of events/ participants	Incidence rate per 1,000 person-years	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3			Model 4			PAF, % (95% CI)
			HR	(95% CI)	P	HR	(95% CI)	P	HR	(95% CI)	P	HR	(95% CI)	P	Insufficiency →sufficiency
MVPA
Insufficiency	355/1,666	70.1	1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		6.8	(4.8–8.8)
Sufficiency	691/6,156	35.8	0.58	(0.51–0.66)	<0.001	0.60	(0.53–0.69)	<0.001	0.63	(0.55–0.72)	<0.001	0.68	(0.59–0.78)	<0.001
Dietary variety
Insufficiency	479/3,365	37.8	1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		5.6	(0.7–10.3)
Sufficiency	567/4,457	33.4	0.83	(0.73–0.94)	0.004	0.87	(0.76–0.98)	0.030	0.87	(0.77–0.99)	0.037	0.87	(0.77–0.99)	0.034
Social interaction
Insufficiency	423/2,537	41.3	1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		1.00	(Ref.)		3.1	(−0.9 to 7.0)
Sufficiency	623/5,285	28.4	0.77	(0.68–0.87)	<0.001	0.81	(0.71–0.93)	0.002	0.86	(0.76–0.99)	0.032	0.90	(0.79–1.03)	0.14

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity; PAF, population-attributable fraction.

Total MVPA time ≥150 minutes/week, dietary variety (Dietary Variety Score) ≥3, and social interaction (apart from cohabiting family members) ≥1 time/week were defined as sufficiency, respectively.

Model 1: Adjusted for age and sex.

Model 2: Adjusted for variables in model 1, plus living situation, marital status, education, equivalent income, body mass index, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, cancer, alcohol drinking status, and smoking status.

Model 3: Adjusted for variables in model 2, plus depressive mood, lower back pain, knee pain, and sitting time.

Model 4: Adjusted for variables in model 3, plus IADL dependency.