Table 1. Univariable and multivariable odds ratios of composite outcome and death according to various smoking exposures among patients hospitalized for COVID-19, Italy, 2020–2021.

	N c	Composite outcomea			N c	Deathb
		%	Crude OR (95% CI)d	Adjusted OR (95% CI)e		%	Crude OR (95% CI)d	Adjusted OR (95% CI)e
Cigarette smoking
Never smokers	907	17.1	1.00f	1.00f	562	13.3	1.00f	1.00f
Ex-smokers	787	22.4	1.40 (1.10–1.78)	1.21 (0.94–1.58)	476	16.4	1.27 (0.90–1.79)	1.22 (0.82–1.83)
Current smokers	126	15.1	0.86 (0.51–1.45)	0.96 (0.56–1.64)	91	15.4	1.18 (0.64–2.19)	2.17 (1.06–4.41)
E-cigarette
Never users	1,675	19.3	1.00f	1.00f	1,055	14.9	1.00f	1.00f
Ever users	98	24.5	1.36 (0.84–2.19)	1.60 (0.96–2.67)	66	15.2	1.02 (0.51–2.05)	1.24 (0.56–2.72)
Heated tobacco products
Never users	1,715	19.7	1.00f	1.00f	1,093	14.8	1.00f	1.00f
Ever users	29	20.7	1.07 (0.43–2.64)	1.21 (0.47–3.12)	26	15.4	1.05 (0.36–3.07)	1.16 (0.35–3.89)

CI, confidence interval; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; OR, odds ratio.

^aDefined as intubation, admission to intensive care unit, or death; based on 1,820 patients.

^bBased on 1,129 patients.

^cThe sums do not add to the total because of a few missing values.

^dEstimates from univariable logistic regression models.

^eEstimates from multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted for sex, age, and level of education. Estimates for e-cigarette and heated tobacco products are also adjusted for smoking.

^fReference category.