. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Mar 8;71(6):1851–1860. doi: 10.1111/jgs.18277

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of long-stay nursing home residents in the study sample, 2016–2017

	Full cohort	Development	Validation	SMD^a
	(N=733,427)	(n=484,062)	(n=249,365)
Age, years, median (Q1, Q3)	85.0 (77.5, 90.6)	85.0 (77.5, 90.6)	85.0 (77.5, 90.6)	0.002
Female sex, n (%)	510,363 (69.6)	336,472 (69.5)	173,891 (69.7)	0.005
Race/Ethnicity, n (%)				0.005
Non-Hispanic White	597,355 (81.4)	394,506 (81.5)	202,852 (81.3)
Non-Hispanic Black/African American	82,573 (11.3)	54,388 (11.2)	28,185 (11.3)
Hispanic	33,428 (4.6)	21,923 (4.5)	11,505 (4.6)
Asian/Pacific Islander	11,789 (1.6)	7,769 (1.6)	4,020 (1.6)
American Indian/Alaska Native	3,736 (0.5)	2,468 (0.5)	1,268 (0.5)
Other/Unknown	4,546 (0.6)	3,011 (0.6)	1,535 (0.6)
Number of active conditions, median (Q1, Q3)^b	6 (5, 9)	6 (5, 9)	6 (5, 9)	0.002
History of falls, n (%)	133,422 (18.2)	88,417 (18.3)	45,005 (18.0)	−0.006
Activities of Daily Living Scale, median (Q1, Q3)^c	9 (7, 11)	9 (7, 11)	9 (7, 11)	0.001
At least 1 hospitalization in the past year, n (%)	359,224 (49.0)	236,903 (48.9)	122,321 (49.1)	0.002
Moderate to severe cognitive impairment (CFS ≥ 3), n (%)	334,765 (45.7)	220,821 (45.6)	113,944 (45.7)	0.001
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, n (%)	427,753 (58.3)	282,382 (58.3)	145,371 (58.3)	−0.001
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	239,589 (32.7)	157,865 (32.6)	81,724 (32.8)	0.003
Visual impairment, n (%)^d	232,649 (31.7)	153,444 (31.7)	79,205 (31.8)	<0.001

Abbreviations: ADL = Activities of Daily Living, CFS = Cognitive Function Scale, IQR = interquartile range, SMD = standardized mean difference

Standardized mean differences are calculated for the difference between the Development and Validation samples

Number of active conditions represents the sum of comorbidities noted in the active diagnosis checkbox on the Minimum Data Set within the previous year.

Physical function was measured using Activities of Daily Living (ADL) via the Minimum Data Set Morris 16-point ADL Short Form score. The ADL scores range from 0 to 16, with 0 indicating total independence and 16 indicating total dependence in all ADLs.

Obtained from question B1000. Vision on the Minimum Data Set version 3.0. Visual impairment recorded as any value other than “Adequate”.