Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Isoproterenol (n = 235) | No isoproterenol (n = 79) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up duration (months) | 43.6 (23.3, 57.6) | 36.7 (8.9, 59.2) | 0.073 |
| Age (years) | 65.1 (58.6, 71.7) | 68.4 (58.1, 73.1) | 0.146 |
| Male | 82 (34.9) | 26 (32.9) | 0.748 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.0 (25.0, 32.1) | 27.8 (24.7, 30.9) | 0.457 |
| AF type | < 0.001 | ||
| Paroxysmal | 169 (73.5) | 31 (41.9) | |
| Persistent | 61 (26.5) | 43 (58.1) | |
| CHA2DS2VASc | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 0.276 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| HF | 40 (17.1) | 15 (19.2) | 0.407 |
| HTN | 137 (58.5) | 51 (65.4) | 0.285 |
| HLD | 96 (41.0) | 33 (42.3) | 0.842 |
| DM | 24 (10.3) | 9 (11.5) | 0.750 |
| COPD | 9 (3.8) | 4 (5.1) | 0.624 |
| OSA | 28 (12.0) | 11 (14.1) | 0.621 |
| Prior CVA | 18 (7.7) | 11 (14.1) | 0.091 |
| CAD | 37 (15.8) | 16 (20.5) | 0.338 |
| ESRD | 1 (0.4) | 1 (1.3) | 0.417 |
| Smoker | 66 (28.2) | 26 (33.3) | 0.390 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LVEF (%) | 63 (57, 67) | 60 (55, 66) | 0.186 |
| LAD (cm) | 4.11 ± 0.56 | 4.27 ± 0.72 | 0.110 |
| LVEDD (cm) | 4.81 ± 0.57 | 4.88 ± 0.69 | 0.493 |
| MVR | 88 (50.3) | 20 (45.5) | 0.567 |
| Cardiovascular medications | |||
| Beta-blocker | 141 (60.0) | 41 (52.6) | 0.249 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 65 (27.7) | 23 (29.5) | 0.756 |
| ACE-I | 39 (16.6) | 20 (25.3) | 0.086 |
| ARB | 36 (15.3) | 17 (21.5) | 0.203 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 4 (1.7) | 8 (10.1) | 0.001 |
| Digoxin | 23 (9.8) | 4 (5.1) | 0.204 |
| Aspirin | 89 (37.9) | 22 (28.2) | 0.122 |
| Theinopyridine | 7 (3.0) | 1 (1.3) | 0.411 |
| Coumadin | 58 (24.7) | 26 (33.3) | 0.135 |
| Apixaban | 24 (10.2) | 4 (5.1) | 0.173 |
| Dabigatran | 27 (11.5) | 10 (12.8) | 0.752 |
| Rivaroxaban | 65 (27.7) | 18 (23.1) | 0.427 |
| AAD preablation | |||
| None | 84 (35.7) | 23 (29.5) | 0.383 |
| Flecainide | 44 (18.7) | 19 (24.4) | 0.282 |
| Propafenone | 15 (6.4) | 5 (6.4) | 0.993 |
| Sotalol | 49 (20.9) | 18 (23.1) | 0.678 |
| Dronedarone | 8 (3.4) | 5 (6.4) | 0.249 |
| Amiodarone | 29 (12.3) | 6 (7.7) | 0.259 |
| Dofetillide | 6 (2.5) | 2 (2.6) | 0.996 |
| Device preablation | |||
| PPM | 11 (4.7) | 6 (7.7) | 0.313 |
| ICD or CRT-D | 6 (2.6) | 3 (3.8) | 0.558 |
Values are presented as median (Q1, Q3) for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables
ACE angiotensin receptor blocker, BMI body mass index, CHA2DS2VASc risk score for thromboembolic events, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRT-D cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator, CVA cerebrovascular accident, HF heart failure, ICD implantable cardiac defibrillator, LAD left atrial diameter, LVEDD left ventricular end diastolic diameter, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, PPM permanent pacemaker