TABLE 2.

Exosomal contents with pathogenicity in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Disease	Exosome derivation	Contents	Pathogenesis	References
Depression	Serum from patients with depression	miR‐9‐5p	Promote M1 polarization of microglia cells	144
Schizophrenia	Plasma from EPP	miR‐137	Induce autophagy and aggravating nerve damage	152
	Plasma from patients with TRS	miR‐675‐3p	Involved in neuroapoptosis	154
PTSD	Peripheral blood of soldiers with mTBI	NFL	Involve in neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes	168,169
AD	Plasma of Chinese AD patients	miR‐185‐5p	Involve in the production and accumulation of Aβ	186,187
PD	Serum from PD patients	TNF‐α, IL‐1β	Induce dopaminergic neuron death	166
ALS	Motor neurons of fALS	miR‐625‐3p	Mediate neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis	243
Epilepsy	Plasma from patients with mTLE + HS	hsa‐miR‐184	Modulate immunity, inflammation and apoptosis, and exacerbates neuronal death	261
Stroke	Serum from AIS patients	miR‐9	Involved in the inflammatory process, regulating angiogenesis	268
	Serum from AIS patients	circ_0006896	Promote vascular migration and proliferation, resulting in plaque instability	273

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer's disease; AIS, acute ischemic strokes; ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; Aβ, β‐amyloid; EPP, early psychosis patients; fALS, familial ALS; hsa: Homo sapiens; IL, interleukin; mTBI, mild traumatic brain injury; mTLE + HS, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis; NFL, neurofilament; PD, Parkinson's disease; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TRS, treatment‐resistant schizophrenia.