Table 4.
Effects of classmates' average 7th-grade test scores on individual students’ 8th-grade test scores.
|
Outcome variable: standardized 8th-grade test scores |
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
(8) |
(9) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Mathematics | English | |||||||
| Classmates' average 7th-grade Chinese test score | 0.044 (0.061) | 0.051 (0.061) | 0.038 (0.068) | ||||||
| Classmates' average 7th-grade mathematics test score | 0.180*** (0.061) | 0.177*** (0.061) | 0.134** (0.062) | ||||||
| Classmates' average 7th-grade English test score | 0.169*** (0.042) | 0.163*** (0.041) | 0.106*** (0.034) | ||||||
| Own 7th-grade test scores (subject-specific) | 0.578*** (0.019) | 0.576*** (0.019) | 0.576*** (0.018) | 0.617*** (0.021) | 0.614*** (0.021) | 0.612*** (0.020) | 0.766*** (0.017) | 0.764*** (0.017) | 0.764*** (0.017) |
| Age (months) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.004** (0.002) | −0.003** (0.002) | −0.003* (0.002) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.001 (0.001) | −0.000 (0.001) |
| Boy (dummy, = 1 if yes) | −0.234*** (0.024) | −0.233*** (0.024) | −0.232*** (0.024) | −0.095*** (0.025) | −0.103*** (0.025) | −0.105*** (0.025) | −0.130*** (0.020) | −0.133*** (0.020) | −0.133*** (0.020) |
| Cognitive ability test score (standardized) | 0.273*** (0.023) | 0.270*** (0.023) | 0.273*** (0.023) | 0.303*** (0.020) | 0.302*** (0.020) | 0.301*** (0.020) | 0.138*** (0.017) | 0.137*** (0.017) | 0.135*** (0.017) |
| Birth order | −0.011 (0.030) | −0.014 (0.030) | 0.035 (0.026) | 0.042 (0.026) | 0.025 (0.025) | 0.025 (0.025) | |||
| Number of siblings | 0.016 (0.022) | 0.018 (0.021) | −0.035* (0.021) | −0.041** (0.021) | 0.008 (0.020) | 0.008 (0.020) | |||
| Father's education (years) | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.005) | 0.010** (0.004) | 0.009** (0.004) | |||
| Mother's education (years) | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.006 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.004 (0.004) | |||
| Rural household (dummy, = 1 if yes) | −0.001 (0.027) | −0.002 (0.027) | 0.031 (0.029) | 0.029 (0.029) | 0.020 (0.023) | 0.021 (0.023) | |||
| Household income level (dummies for four levels) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |||
| Class size | 0.008* (0.005) | 0.005 (0.005) | −0.007*** (0.002) | ||||||
| Subject teacher is headteacher (dummy, = 1 if yes) | 0.048 (0.047) | 0.093** (0.043) | 0.056** (0.024) | ||||||
| Subject teacher is male (dummy, = 1 if yes) | 0.073 (0.062) | −0.070 (0.053) | 0.016 (0.047) | ||||||
| Subject teacher's education (years) | 0.057 (0.041) | −0.037 (0.044) | 0.030** (0.015) | ||||||
| Subject teacher's teaching experience (years) | 0.004 (0.003) | −0.008*** (0.002) | −0.001 (0.002) | ||||||
| School fixed effects | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant | 0.445 (0.293) | 0.217 (0.294) | −1.128 (0.800) | 0.561** (0.268) | 0.355 (0.276) | 0.791 (0.760) | 0.154 (0.232) | −0.090 (0.249) | −0.252 (0.338) |
| N | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 | 4018 |
| R2 | 0.548 | 0.550 | 0.552 | 0.596 | 0.598 | 0.601 | 0.697 | 0.699 | 0.699 |
Notes: The sample includes 52 schools that randomly assigned newly-enrolled students to 7th-grade classes but did not reassign students in 8th grade. “Household income” levels include “very poor” (reference group), “poor,” “average,” “rich,” and “very rich.” Standard errors in parentheses, clustered at the class level. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01.