Table 2.
Distribution of exposure according to intake of energy drinks in Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and Nurses’ Health Study 3 (NHS3)
| GUTS | NHS3 | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-consumers (n 6936) | % | Consumers (n 2057) | % | Overall (n 8993) | % | Non-consumers (n 33 248) | % | Consumers (n 4054) | % | Overall (n 37 302) | % | |
| Demographic and geographical | ||||||||||||
| Age | ||||||||||||
| < 25 years | 4185 | 60·3 | 1472 | 71·6 | 5657 | 62·9 | 3905 | 10·7 | 84 | 13·4 | 3989 | 10·7 |
| 25–30 years | 2734 | 39·4 | 581 | 28·3 | 3315 | 36·9 | 9249 | 25·3 | 171 | 27·2 | 9420 | 25·3 |
| 30–35 years | 17 | 0·3 | 4 | 0·2 | 21 | 0·2 | 7625 | 20·9 | 109 | 17·3 | 7734 | 20·8 |
| > 35 years | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 15 790 | 43·2 | 265 | 42·1 | 16 055 | 43·2 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 4835 | 69·7 | 1001 | 48·7 | 5836 | 64·9 | 33 248 | 89·1 | 4054 | 10·9 | 37 302 | 100 |
| Male | 2101 | 30·3 | 1056 | 51·3 | 3157 | 35·1 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 | 0 | 0·0 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| Without a bachelor | 1221 | 22·5 | 362 | 26·8 | 1583 | 23·4 | 22 210 | 68·6 | 368 | 77·3 | 22 578 | 68·7 |
| Bachelor | 2646 | 48·8 | 735 | 54·3 | 3381 | 49·9 | 7577 | 23·4 | 78 | 16·4 | 7655 | 23·3 |
| Master or higher | 1559 | 28·7 | 256 | 18·9 | 1815 | 26·8 | 2586 | 8·0 | 30 | 6·3 | 2616 | 8·0 |
| Race | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 6646 | 95·8 | 1966 | 95·6 | 8612 | 95·8 | 34 124 | 93·3 | 567 | 90·1 | 34 691 | 93·3 |
| Black | 12 | 0·2 | 6 | 0·3 | 18 | 0·2 | 810 | 2·2 | 27 | 4·3 | 837 | 2·3 |
| Hispanic | 94 | 1·4 | 36 | 1·8 | 130 | 1·5 | 364 | 1·0 | 10 | 1·6 | 374 | 1·0 |
| Asian | 79 | 1·1 | 13 | 0·6 | 92 | 1·0 | 869 | 2·4 | 15 | 2·4 | 884 | 2·4 |
| Other | 105 | 1·5 | 36 | 1·8 | 141 | 1·6 | 402 | 1·1 | 10 | 1·6 | 412 | 1·1 |
| Sexual orientation | ||||||||||||
| Completely heterosexual | 6584 | 95·8 | 1958 | 95·9 | 8542 | 95·8 | 24 472 | 96·2 | 218 | 91·2 | 24 690 | 96·1 |
| Bisexual/homosexual | 288 | 4·2 | 84 | 4·1 | 372 | 4·2 | 971 | 3·8 | 21 | 8·8 | 992 | 3·9 |
| Marriage | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 5375 | 78·2 | 1736 | 85·4 | 7111 | 79·8 | 1416 | 35·5 | 99 | 45·6 | 1515 | 36·0 |
| Married/partner | 1458 | 21·2 | 283 | 13·9 | 1741 | 19·5 | 2277 | 57·0 | 99 | 45·6 | 2376 | 56·5 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 43 | 0·6 | 14 | 0·7 | 57 | 0·6 | 299 | 7·5 | 19 | 8·8 | 318 | 7·6 |
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Northeast | 2180 | 31·5 | 603 | 29·3 | 2783 | 31·0 | 7344 | 23·4 | 64 | 18·7 | 7408 | 23·4 |
| Midwest | 2330 | 33·6 | 729 | 35·5 | 3059 | 34·1 | 8757 | 27·9 | 97 | 28·4 | 8854 | 27·9 |
| South | 1184 | 17·1 | 358 | 17·4 | 1542 | 17·2 | 8448 | 26·9 | 102 | 29·8 | 8550 | 27·0 |
| West | 1234 | 17·8 | 365 | 17·8 | 1599 | 17·8 | 6810 | 21·7 | 79 | 23·1 | 6889 | 21·7 |
| Lifestyle | ||||||||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never smokers | 4213 | 87·5 | 984 | 72·8 | 5197 | 84·3 | 5572 | 79·9 | 87 | 64·0 | 5659 | 79·6 |
| Current or past smokers | 603 | 12·5 | 368 | 27·2 | 971 | 15·7 | 1401 | 20·1 | 49 | 36·0 | 1450 | 20·4 |
| BMI | ||||||||||||
| < 25 kg/m2 | 4885 | 72·5 | 1308 | 65·2 | 6193 | 70·8 | 19 616 | 54·0 | 240 | 38·6 | 19 856 | 53·8 |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 1277 | 19·0 | 483 | 24·1 | 1760 | 20·1 | 8541 | 23·5 | 169 | 27·2 | 8710 | 23·6 |
| ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 578 | 8·6 | 216 | 10·8 | 794 | 9·1 | 8155 | 22·5 | 213 | 34·2 | 8368 | 22·7 |
| Sleep | ||||||||||||
| 7–9 h | 4866 | 77·9 | 1241 | 71·7 | 6107 | 76·6 | 775 | 19·1 | 77 | 30·4 | 852 | 19·7 |
| < 7 h | 1290 | 20·7 | 469 | 27·1 | 1759 | 22·1 | 208 | 5·1 | 20 | 7·9 | 228 | 5·3 |
| > 9 h | 91 | 1·5 | 21 | 1·2 | 112 | 1·4 | 3082 | 75·8 | 156 | 61·7 | 3238 | 75·0 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1849 | 32·2 | 400 | 27·3 | 2249 | 31·2 | 11 736 | 33·4 | 104 | 28·3 | 11 840 | 33·3 |
| Medium | 2150 | 37·5 | 548 | 37·4 | 2698 | 37·5 | 11 743 | 33·4 | 102 | 27·7 | 11 845 | 33·3 |
| High | 1736 | 30·3 | 517 | 35·3 | 2253 | 31·3 | 11 679 | 33·2 | 162 | 44·0 | 11 841 | 33·3 |
| Diet quality | ||||||||||||
| Low | 1909 | 30·3 | 728 | 41·7 | 2637 | 32·8 | 10 912 | 31·8 | 67 | 37·6 | 10 979 | 31·9 |
| Medium | 2148 | 34·1 | 541 | 31·0 | 2689 | 33·4 | 11 671 | 34·0 | 54 | 30·3 | 11 725 | 34·0 |
| High | 2246 | 35·6 | 477 | 27·3 | 2723 | 33·8 | 11 702 | 34·1 | 57 | 32·0 | 11 759 | 34·1 |
| Supplements for muscle enhancement | ||||||||||||
| No | 1647 | 78·4 | 795 | 75·3 | 2442 | 77·4 | 2377 | 78·4 | 60 | 64·5 | 2437 | 78·0 |
| Yes | 454 | 21·6 | 261 | 24·7 | 715 | 22·7 | 655 | 21·6 | 33 | 35·5 | 688 | 22·0 |
| Physical exam in the past 1–2 years | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 5804 | 84·0 | 1673 | 81·8 | 7477 | 83·5 | 25 834 | 70·6 | 334 | 53·1 | 26 168 | 70·4 |
| No | 1103 | 16·0 | 373 | 18·2 | 1476 | 16·5 | 10 735 | 29·4 | 295 | 46·9 | 11 030 | 29·7 |
| Birth control, female participants only | ||||||||||||
| No | 1378 | 33·2 | 216 | 26·9 | 1594 | 32·2 | 6201 | 31·2 | 100 | 27·3 | 6301 | 31·1 |
| Yes | 2776 | 66·8 | 587 | 73·1 | 3363 | 67·8 | 13 675 | 68·8 | 266 | 72·7 | 13 941 | 68·9 |
| Multivitamin supplementation | ||||||||||||
| No | 3652 | 59·9 | 1069 | 62·2 | 4721 | 60·4 | 36 098 | 98·7 | 523 | 83·2 | 36 621 | 98·5 |
| Yes | 2448 | 40·1 | 649 | 37·8 | 3097 | 39·6 | 471 | 1·3 | 106 | 16·9 | 577 | 1·6 |
| Risky behaviours | ||||||||||||
| E-cigarette use | ||||||||||||
| No | 5749 | 97·6 | 1388 | 90·8 | 7137 | 96·2 | 1000 | 89·1 | 115 | 65·7 | 1115 | 86·0 |
| Yes | 143 | 2·4 | 141 | 9·2 | 284 | 3·8 | 122 | 10·9 | 60 | 34·3 | 182 | 14·0 |
| Tanning bed | ||||||||||||
| No | 5811 | 84·2 | 1516 | 74·4 | 7327 | 81·9 | 2352 | 60·2 | 126 | 67·4 | 2478 | 60·5 |
| Yes | 1094 | 15·8 | 522 | 25·6 | 1616 | 18·1 | 1556 | 39·8 | 61 | 32·6 | 1617 | 39·5 |
| Binge drinking | ||||||||||||
| No | 1714 | 29·7 | 197 | 12·5 | 1911 | 26·0 | 10 353 | 45·7 | 45 | 20·5 | 10 398 | 45·4 |
| Yes | 4060 | 70·3 | 1377 | 87·5 | 5437 | 74·0 | 12 318 | 54·3 | 175 | 79·6 | 12 493 | 54·6 |
| Marijuana use | ||||||||||||
| No | 3865 | 64·1 | 761 | 47·8 | 4626 | 60·7 | 12 149 | 48·3 | 101 | 43·4 | 12 250 | 48·3 |
| Yes | 2162 | 35·9 | 832 | 52·2 | 2994 | 39·3 | 12 998 | 51·7 | 132 | 56·7 | 13 130 | 51·7 |
| Use of illegal drugs | ||||||||||||
| No | 2746 | 82·9 | 459 | 64·4 | 3205 | 79·7 | 31 674 | 86·6 | 554 | 88·1 | 32 228 | 86·6 |
| Yes | 565 | 17·1 | 254 | 35·6 | 819 | 20·4 | 4895 | 13·4 | 75 | 11·9 | 4970 | 13·4 |
| Number of persons with sexual contact | ||||||||||||
| 1 person | 270 | 25·9 | 59 | 14·8 | 329 | 22·8 | 4620 | 19·4 | 15 | 6·8 | 4635 | 19·3 |
| 2 persons | 190 | 18·2 | 48 | 12·0 | 238 | 16·5 | 2262 | 9·5 | 13 | 5·9 | 2275 | 9·5 |
| 3–5 persons | 304 | 29·2 | 109 | 27·3 | 413 | 28·6 | 6041 | 25·4 | 32 | 14·5 | 6073 | 25·3 |
| > 5 persons | 279 | 26·8 | 183 | 45·9 | 462 | 32·0 | 10 867 | 45·7 | 161 | 72·9 | 11 028 | 45·9 |