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. 2022 Oct 10;26(7):1424–1435. doi: 10.1017/S1368980022001902

Table 3.

OR of consuming energy drinks characteristics related to intake of energy drinks in Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and Nurses’ Health Study 3 (NHS3)

GUTS NHS3 Pooled
Univariable OR 95 % CI Multivariable-adjusted OR 95 % CI Univariable OR 95 % CI Multivariable-adjusted OR 95 % CI Multivariable-adjusted OR 95 % CI P value P for heterogeneity
Demographic and geographical
Age 0·83
 < 25 years Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 25–30 years 0·93 0·75, 1·15 0·89 0·70, 1·12 0·86 0·66, 1·12 0·96 0·70, 1·31 0·94 0·78, 1·13 0·50
 30–35 years 1·03 0·34, 3·11 0·73 0·20, 2·61 0·66 0·50, 0·89 0·60 0·43, 0·86 0·65 0·49, 0·86 0·002
 > 35 years NA NA 0·78 0·61, 1·00 0·50 0·36, 0·70 0·60 0·47, 0·75 <0·001
Sex
 Female Ref Ref Ref
 Male 2·34 2·11, 2·59 2·31 1·84, 2·89 NA NA 3·15 2·24, 4·43 <0·001
Education 0·002
 Without a bachelor Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Bachelor 1·04 0·89, 1·20 1·04 0·89, 1·23 0·62 0·49, 0·79 0·66 0·51, 0·86 0·91 0·80, 1·03 0·13
 Master or higher 0·69 0·57, 0·83 0·78 0·63, 0·96 0·70 0·48, 1·02 1·00 0·66, 1·51 0·74 0·62, 0·89 0·001
Race 0·49
 Non-Hispanic White Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Black 2·25 0·84, 6·02 2·93 0·93, 9·17 2·01 1·36, 2·97 2·10 1·33, 3·32 2·10 1·41, 3·14 <0·001
 Hispanic 1·15 0·78, 1·70 1·25 0·83, 1·90 1·65 0·88, 3·12 1·84 0·90, 3·75 1·29 0·90, 1·86 0·17
 Asian 0·60 0·33, 1·08 0·80 0·42, 1·51 1·04 0·62, 1·74 0·97 0·55, 1·71 0·86 0·56, 1·30 0·47
 Other 1·10 0·75, 1·61 0·99 0·65, 1·50 1·50 0·80, 2·82 1·52 0·75, 3·11 1·14 0·79, 1·64 0·50
Sexual orientation 0·02
 Completely heterosexual Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Bisexual/homosexual 1·02 0·79, 1·31 0·80 0·61, 1·05 2·43 1·54, 3·82 1·29 0·76, 2·18 0·91 0·71, 1·16 0·43
Marriage 0·53
 Never married Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Married/partner 0·76 0·66, 0·88 0·91 0·77, 1·08 0·62 0·47, 0·83 0·80 0·57, 1·14 0·94 0·81, 1·09 0·42
 Divorced/separated/widowed 1·30 0·70, 2·39 0·91 0·47, 1·78 0·91 0·55, 1·51 1·07 0·60, 1·92 1·10 0·72, 1·68 0·68
Region 0·54
 Northeast Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Midwest 1·11 0·98, 1·26 1·10 0·97, 1·26 1·27 0·93, 1·75 1·40 1·00, 1·98 1·16 1·02, 1·31 0·02
 South 1·12 0·96, 1·30 1·14 0·97, 1·34 1·39 1·01, 1·90 1·55 1·10, 2·17 1·20 1·04, 1·38 0·02
 West 1·08 0·93, 1·26 1·14 0·97, 1·34 1·33 0·96, 1·85 1·64 1·14, 2·35 1·21 1·04, 1·40 0·01
Lifestyle
Smoking 0·84
 Never smokers Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Current or past smokers 3·40 2·91, 3·97 1·88 1·57, 2·26 2·24 1·57, 3·20 2·24 1·51, 3·33 1·97 1·68, 2·31 <0·001
BMI 0·12
 < 25 kg/m2 Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 25–30 kg/m2 1·49 1·32, 1·68 1·28 1·12, 1·46 1·62 1·33, 1·97 1·36 1·09, 1·69 1·30 1·16, 1·45 <0·001
 ≥ 30 kg/m2 1·55 1·30, 1·83 1·48 1·23, 1·78 2·14 1·77, 2·57 1·86 1·50, 2·32 1·64 1·43, 1·88 <0·001
Sleep 0·01
 7–9 h Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 < 7 h 1·39 1·23, 1·58 1·33 1·16, 1·52 0·97 0·58, 1·62 0·94 0·52, 1·70 1·28 1·12, 1·45 <0·001
 > 9 h 0·89 0·55, 1·43 0·75 0·45, 1·26 0·51 0·38, 0·68 0·68 0·49, 0·95 0·63 0·50, 0·81 <0·001
Physical activity 0·10
 Low Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Medium 1·14 0·99, 1·32 1·10 0·94, 1·28 0·98 0·75, 1·29 1·12 0·84, 1·51 1·09 0·95, 1·25 0·20
 High 1·29 1·11, 1·50 1·12 0·95, 1·31 1·57 1·22, 2·01 1·50 1·14, 1·98 1·22 1·06, 1·40 0·005
Diet quality <0·001
 Low Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Medium 0·66 0·58, 0·75 0·77 0·67, 0·88 0·75 0·53, 1·08 0·78 0·54, 1·11 0·77 0·67, 0·87 <0·001
 High 0·59 0·51, 0·67 0·72 0·63, 0·84 0·79 0·56, 1·13 0·80 0·56, 1·14 0·73 0·64, 0·83 <0·001
Supplements for muscle enhancement 0·06
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 1·20 1·00, 1·42 1·30 1·07, 1·59 2·00 1·29, 3·08 1·95 1·19, 3·19 1·39 1·16, 1·67 <0·001
Physical exam in the past 1–2 years 0·09
 Yes Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 No 1·28 1·12, 1·46 1·09 0·94, 1·26 2·13 1·82, 2·49 0·87 0·71, 1·07 1·02 0·91, 1·15 0·75
Birth control, female participants only 0·62
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 1·53 1·29, 1·82 1·26 1·04, 1·51 1·21 0·96, 1·52 1·37 1·06, 1·77 1·29 1·11, 1·49 <0·001
Multivitamin supplementation 0·03
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 0·91 0·82, 1·02 1·01 0·90, 1·14 15·53 12·37, 19·51 1·46 1·09, 1·94 1·07 0·96, 1·19 0·24
Risky behaviours
E-cigarette use 0·06
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 4·08 3·21, 5·20 2·07 1·58, 2·70 4·28 2·97, 6·16 3·20 2·15, 4·75 2·44 1·96, 3·04 <0·001
Tanning bed <0·001
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 1·85 1·64, 2·08 2·37 2·07, 2·72 0·73 0·54, 1·00 0·60 0·42, 0·85 1·95 1·71, 2·21 <0·001
Binge drinking 0·49
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 3·38 2·87, 3·97 2·38 1·99, 2·84 3·27 2·35, 4·54 2·97 2·08, 4·24 2·66 2·27, 3·11 <0·001
Marijuana use <0·001
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 2·47 2·19, 2·78 1·53 1·32, 1·76 1·22 0·94, 1·59 0·55 0·39, 0·78 1·29 1·13, 1·47 <0·001
Use of illegal drugs 0·59
 No Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 Yes 2·69 2·25, 3·21 1·27 1·02, 1·57 0·88 0·69, 1·12 1·63 1·14, 2·32 1·29 1·08, 1·55 0·004
Number of persons with sexual contact 0·001
 1 person Ref Ref Ref Ref Ref
 2 persons 1·16 0·76, 1·77 0·97 0·62, 1·52 1·77 0·84, 3·72 1·92 0·89, 4·14 1·14 0·78, 1·67 0·51
 3–5 persons 1·64 1·15, 2·34 1·20 0·82, 1·75 1·63 0·88, 3·01 1·59 0·84, 3·03 1·23 0·90, 1·70 0·20
 > 5 persons 3·00 2·14, 4·21 1·44 1·00, 2·08 4·56 2·68, 7·75 3·70 2·08, 6·56 1·87 1·39, 2·51 <0·001

Univariate analysis used a logistic model.

Multivariate analysis used a logistic model that simultaneously included all variables in the model.

Pooled analysis combined individual data from NHS3 and GUTs into a single dataset and conducted regression analysis in the pooled dataset. We tested for heterogeneity in association between cohorts by including interaction terms of each covariate and cohort into the model, and P for interaction was obtained using likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without interaction terms.