Table 3.
OR of consuming energy drinks characteristics related to intake of energy drinks in Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) and Nurses’ Health Study 3 (NHS3)
GUTS | NHS3 | Pooled | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable OR | 95 % CI | Multivariable-adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Univariable OR | 95 % CI | Multivariable-adjusted OR | 95 % CI | Multivariable-adjusted OR | 95 % CI | P value | P for heterogeneity | |
Demographic and geographical | ||||||||||||
Age | 0·83 | |||||||||||
< 25 years | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
25–30 years | 0·93 | 0·75, 1·15 | 0·89 | 0·70, 1·12 | 0·86 | 0·66, 1·12 | 0·96 | 0·70, 1·31 | 0·94 | 0·78, 1·13 | 0·50 | |
30–35 years | 1·03 | 0·34, 3·11 | 0·73 | 0·20, 2·61 | 0·66 | 0·50, 0·89 | 0·60 | 0·43, 0·86 | 0·65 | 0·49, 0·86 | 0·002 | |
> 35 years | NA | NA | 0·78 | 0·61, 1·00 | 0·50 | 0·36, 0·70 | 0·60 | 0·47, 0·75 | <0·001 | |||
Sex | ||||||||||||
Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||||
Male | 2·34 | 2·11, 2·59 | 2·31 | 1·84, 2·89 | NA | NA | 3·15 | 2·24, 4·43 | <0·001 | |||
Education | 0·002 | |||||||||||
Without a bachelor | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Bachelor | 1·04 | 0·89, 1·20 | 1·04 | 0·89, 1·23 | 0·62 | 0·49, 0·79 | 0·66 | 0·51, 0·86 | 0·91 | 0·80, 1·03 | 0·13 | |
Master or higher | 0·69 | 0·57, 0·83 | 0·78 | 0·63, 0·96 | 0·70 | 0·48, 1·02 | 1·00 | 0·66, 1·51 | 0·74 | 0·62, 0·89 | 0·001 | |
Race | 0·49 | |||||||||||
Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Black | 2·25 | 0·84, 6·02 | 2·93 | 0·93, 9·17 | 2·01 | 1·36, 2·97 | 2·10 | 1·33, 3·32 | 2·10 | 1·41, 3·14 | <0·001 | |
Hispanic | 1·15 | 0·78, 1·70 | 1·25 | 0·83, 1·90 | 1·65 | 0·88, 3·12 | 1·84 | 0·90, 3·75 | 1·29 | 0·90, 1·86 | 0·17 | |
Asian | 0·60 | 0·33, 1·08 | 0·80 | 0·42, 1·51 | 1·04 | 0·62, 1·74 | 0·97 | 0·55, 1·71 | 0·86 | 0·56, 1·30 | 0·47 | |
Other | 1·10 | 0·75, 1·61 | 0·99 | 0·65, 1·50 | 1·50 | 0·80, 2·82 | 1·52 | 0·75, 3·11 | 1·14 | 0·79, 1·64 | 0·50 | |
Sexual orientation | 0·02 | |||||||||||
Completely heterosexual | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Bisexual/homosexual | 1·02 | 0·79, 1·31 | 0·80 | 0·61, 1·05 | 2·43 | 1·54, 3·82 | 1·29 | 0·76, 2·18 | 0·91 | 0·71, 1·16 | 0·43 | |
Marriage | 0·53 | |||||||||||
Never married | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Married/partner | 0·76 | 0·66, 0·88 | 0·91 | 0·77, 1·08 | 0·62 | 0·47, 0·83 | 0·80 | 0·57, 1·14 | 0·94 | 0·81, 1·09 | 0·42 | |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 1·30 | 0·70, 2·39 | 0·91 | 0·47, 1·78 | 0·91 | 0·55, 1·51 | 1·07 | 0·60, 1·92 | 1·10 | 0·72, 1·68 | 0·68 | |
Region | 0·54 | |||||||||||
Northeast | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Midwest | 1·11 | 0·98, 1·26 | 1·10 | 0·97, 1·26 | 1·27 | 0·93, 1·75 | 1·40 | 1·00, 1·98 | 1·16 | 1·02, 1·31 | 0·02 | |
South | 1·12 | 0·96, 1·30 | 1·14 | 0·97, 1·34 | 1·39 | 1·01, 1·90 | 1·55 | 1·10, 2·17 | 1·20 | 1·04, 1·38 | 0·02 | |
West | 1·08 | 0·93, 1·26 | 1·14 | 0·97, 1·34 | 1·33 | 0·96, 1·85 | 1·64 | 1·14, 2·35 | 1·21 | 1·04, 1·40 | 0·01 | |
Lifestyle | ||||||||||||
Smoking | 0·84 | |||||||||||
Never smokers | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Current or past smokers | 3·40 | 2·91, 3·97 | 1·88 | 1·57, 2·26 | 2·24 | 1·57, 3·20 | 2·24 | 1·51, 3·33 | 1·97 | 1·68, 2·31 | <0·001 | |
BMI | 0·12 | |||||||||||
< 25 kg/m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
25–30 kg/m2 | 1·49 | 1·32, 1·68 | 1·28 | 1·12, 1·46 | 1·62 | 1·33, 1·97 | 1·36 | 1·09, 1·69 | 1·30 | 1·16, 1·45 | <0·001 | |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 1·55 | 1·30, 1·83 | 1·48 | 1·23, 1·78 | 2·14 | 1·77, 2·57 | 1·86 | 1·50, 2·32 | 1·64 | 1·43, 1·88 | <0·001 | |
Sleep | 0·01 | |||||||||||
7–9 h | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
< 7 h | 1·39 | 1·23, 1·58 | 1·33 | 1·16, 1·52 | 0·97 | 0·58, 1·62 | 0·94 | 0·52, 1·70 | 1·28 | 1·12, 1·45 | <0·001 | |
> 9 h | 0·89 | 0·55, 1·43 | 0·75 | 0·45, 1·26 | 0·51 | 0·38, 0·68 | 0·68 | 0·49, 0·95 | 0·63 | 0·50, 0·81 | <0·001 | |
Physical activity | 0·10 | |||||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Medium | 1·14 | 0·99, 1·32 | 1·10 | 0·94, 1·28 | 0·98 | 0·75, 1·29 | 1·12 | 0·84, 1·51 | 1·09 | 0·95, 1·25 | 0·20 | |
High | 1·29 | 1·11, 1·50 | 1·12 | 0·95, 1·31 | 1·57 | 1·22, 2·01 | 1·50 | 1·14, 1·98 | 1·22 | 1·06, 1·40 | 0·005 | |
Diet quality | <0·001 | |||||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Medium | 0·66 | 0·58, 0·75 | 0·77 | 0·67, 0·88 | 0·75 | 0·53, 1·08 | 0·78 | 0·54, 1·11 | 0·77 | 0·67, 0·87 | <0·001 | |
High | 0·59 | 0·51, 0·67 | 0·72 | 0·63, 0·84 | 0·79 | 0·56, 1·13 | 0·80 | 0·56, 1·14 | 0·73 | 0·64, 0·83 | <0·001 | |
Supplements for muscle enhancement | 0·06 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 1·20 | 1·00, 1·42 | 1·30 | 1·07, 1·59 | 2·00 | 1·29, 3·08 | 1·95 | 1·19, 3·19 | 1·39 | 1·16, 1·67 | <0·001 | |
Physical exam in the past 1–2 years | 0·09 | |||||||||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
No | 1·28 | 1·12, 1·46 | 1·09 | 0·94, 1·26 | 2·13 | 1·82, 2·49 | 0·87 | 0·71, 1·07 | 1·02 | 0·91, 1·15 | 0·75 | |
Birth control, female participants only | 0·62 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 1·53 | 1·29, 1·82 | 1·26 | 1·04, 1·51 | 1·21 | 0·96, 1·52 | 1·37 | 1·06, 1·77 | 1·29 | 1·11, 1·49 | <0·001 | |
Multivitamin supplementation | 0·03 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 0·91 | 0·82, 1·02 | 1·01 | 0·90, 1·14 | 15·53 | 12·37, 19·51 | 1·46 | 1·09, 1·94 | 1·07 | 0·96, 1·19 | 0·24 | |
Risky behaviours | ||||||||||||
E-cigarette use | 0·06 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 4·08 | 3·21, 5·20 | 2·07 | 1·58, 2·70 | 4·28 | 2·97, 6·16 | 3·20 | 2·15, 4·75 | 2·44 | 1·96, 3·04 | <0·001 | |
Tanning bed | <0·001 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 1·85 | 1·64, 2·08 | 2·37 | 2·07, 2·72 | 0·73 | 0·54, 1·00 | 0·60 | 0·42, 0·85 | 1·95 | 1·71, 2·21 | <0·001 | |
Binge drinking | 0·49 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 3·38 | 2·87, 3·97 | 2·38 | 1·99, 2·84 | 3·27 | 2·35, 4·54 | 2·97 | 2·08, 4·24 | 2·66 | 2·27, 3·11 | <0·001 | |
Marijuana use | <0·001 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 2·47 | 2·19, 2·78 | 1·53 | 1·32, 1·76 | 1·22 | 0·94, 1·59 | 0·55 | 0·39, 0·78 | 1·29 | 1·13, 1·47 | <0·001 | |
Use of illegal drugs | 0·59 | |||||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
Yes | 2·69 | 2·25, 3·21 | 1·27 | 1·02, 1·57 | 0·88 | 0·69, 1·12 | 1·63 | 1·14, 2·32 | 1·29 | 1·08, 1·55 | 0·004 | |
Number of persons with sexual contact | 0·001 | |||||||||||
1 person | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||||
2 persons | 1·16 | 0·76, 1·77 | 0·97 | 0·62, 1·52 | 1·77 | 0·84, 3·72 | 1·92 | 0·89, 4·14 | 1·14 | 0·78, 1·67 | 0·51 | |
3–5 persons | 1·64 | 1·15, 2·34 | 1·20 | 0·82, 1·75 | 1·63 | 0·88, 3·01 | 1·59 | 0·84, 3·03 | 1·23 | 0·90, 1·70 | 0·20 | |
> 5 persons | 3·00 | 2·14, 4·21 | 1·44 | 1·00, 2·08 | 4·56 | 2·68, 7·75 | 3·70 | 2·08, 6·56 | 1·87 | 1·39, 2·51 | <0·001 |
Univariate analysis used a logistic model.
Multivariate analysis used a logistic model that simultaneously included all variables in the model.
Pooled analysis combined individual data from NHS3 and GUTs into a single dataset and conducted regression analysis in the pooled dataset. We tested for heterogeneity in association between cohorts by including interaction terms of each covariate and cohort into the model, and P for interaction was obtained using likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without interaction terms.