Table 2.
Baseline data of participant demographics and health characteristics
| Demographic Characteristics | Intervention Group (n = 46) | Wait-list Control Group (n = 46) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 74.66 ± 8.58 | 75.00 ± 6.59 | 0.830 |
| Gender | 0.527 | ||
| Male | 18(39.1) | 21(45.7) | |
| Female | 28(60.9) | 25(54.3) | |
| Education level | 0.836 | ||
| Primary school | 17(37.0) | 13(28.3) | |
| Middle school | 18(39.1) | 21(45.7) | |
| High school | 6(13.0) | 6(13.0) | |
| Tertiary or above | 5(10.9) | 6(13.0) | |
| Residence | 0.143 | ||
| Living alone | 8(17.4) | 14(30.4) | |
| Living with spouse/children | 38(82.6) | 32(69.6) | |
| Marital status | 0.625 | ||
| Married | 12(26.1) | 10(21.3) | |
| Single (divorced, widowed) | 34(73.9) | 36(78.7) | |
| Monthly income | 0.757 | ||
| ≤ 1000 | 6(13.0) | 4(8.7) | |
| 1000 ~ 2999 | 18(39.1) | 15(32.6) | |
| 3000 ~ 4999 | 14(30.5) | 17(37.0) | |
| ≥ 5000 | 8(17.4) | 10(21.7) | |
| Sleeping status | 0.612 | ||
| Poor | 11(23.9) | 15(32.6) | |
| Fair | 22(48.9) | 20(43.5) | |
| Good | 13(28.2) | 11(23.9) | |
| Occupation | 0.656 | ||
| Full-time | 30(65.2) | 32(69.6) | |
| Part-time | 16(34.8) | 14(30.4) | |
| Living area | 0.662 | ||
| Urban | 31(67.4) | 29(63.0) | |
| Country | 15(32.6) | 17(37.0) | |
| Intellectual activity a | 0.807 | ||
| Never | 6(13.1) | 8(17.4) | |
| Regularity b | 15(32.6) | 13(28.3) | |
| Irregularity | 25(54.3) | 25(54.3) | |
| Overall cognition function | |||
| MMSE score | 21.72 ± 1.50 | 20.85 ± 1.38 | 0.327 |
| MoCA score | 19.06 ± 1.96 | 18.26 ± 2.20 | 0.063 |
| Executive function | |||
| Stroop Test-Word | 49.89 ± 6.88 | 49.83 ± 6.23 | 0.963 |
| Stroop Test-Color | 47.77 ± 3.55 | 47.60 ± 3.73 | 0.821 |
| Stroop Test-Color Word | 17.17 ± 4.57 | 16.91 ± 4.70 | 0.790 |
| Trail Making Test A | 84.71 ± 14.53 | 83.59 ± 9.47 | 0.661 |
| Trail Making Test B | 294.43 ± 62.01 | 293.86 ± 64.34 | 0.965 |
| Working memory | |||
| Digit Span Forward | 4.33 ± 1.19 | 4.30 ± 1.23 | 0.932 |
| Digit Span Backward | 3.50 ± 1.09 | 3.74 ± 0.91 | 0.255 |
| Psychomotor speed | |||
| Reaction time | 2.05 ± 0.44 | 2.07 ± 0.43 | 0.887 |
| Finger tapping test | 47.61 ± 3.96 | 47.83 ± 3.2 | 0.774 |
Note: MMSE, Mini-mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; a, intellectual activities were reading books, newspapers, or magazines; painting; calligraphy; playing mahjong or card games. b, regular activity defined as any intellectual activity lasting more than 1 month with a frequency of 30-min or 3-time or more per week