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. 2023 Jun 12;23:311. doi: 10.1186/s12870-023-04317-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — A proposed working model of pollen abortion in Jin A. In parallel with the decrease of ATP level, mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III of tapetal cells leaked out $O_{2}^{- ∙}$ , which generates H₂O₂ under the action of SOD. Due to the reduced activities of POD and CAT, ROS cannot be removed in time, which leaded to ROS burst. Excessive ROS triggered DNA fragmentation and caused premature apoptosis of tapetum, and eventually resulted in microspore abortion