TABLE 1.
Descriptive characteristics of included studies
| Author | Country | Design | Sample Size, n | Female, n | Age, Years | Hospitalized | Rehabilitation Program | Outcomes Measures | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modality | Intervention | Team | |||||||||||||
| F | O | PR | PP | OI | PT | OT | MT | ||||||||
| Bellinger et al. (2021)3 | United States | Observational | 35 | 23 | 68.7 | Acute care | X | X | X | Inpatient rehabilitation facility patient (P < 0.001) Daily life activities (Barthel index; P < 0.001) Cardiorespiratory functional capacity (6MWT; P < 0.001) Orientation Log (P < 0.05) Cognitive Log (P < 0.001) |
|||||
| Bertolucci et al. (2021)5 | Italy | Prospective observational | 39 | 24 | 67.8 ± 10.8 | Acute care | X | X | X | X | Daily life activities (Barthel index; P < 0.001) Functional ambulation (P < 0.001) |
||||
| Bonizzato et al. (2022)6 | Italy | Observational | 12 | 7 | 71.3 ± 10.1 | Acute care | X | X | X | X | Cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment; P = 0.065) Anxiety and Depression Short Scale (P = 0.072) Symptoms and behavioral related to dementia (Neuropsychiatry Inventory Scale; P = 0.02) |
||||
| Curci et al. (2020)7 | Italy | Cross-sectional observational | 32 | 22 | 72.6 ± 29.3 | Acute care | X | X | X | X | X | Daily life activities (Barthel index; P = 0.15) Cardiorespiratory functional capacity (6MWT; P = 0.53) |
|||
| Gobbi et al. (2022)8 | Italy | Observational | 48 | 26 | 68.7 ± 11.8 | Acute care | X | X | X | X | X | Bioimpedance (phase angle; P = 0.008) Functional mobility (timed up and go; P < 0.001) Dynamometry (handgrip strength; P = 0.011) |
|||
| Groah et al. (2022)13 | United States | Retrospective observational | 88 | 44 | 59.4 ± 15.7 | Acute care | X | NR | NR | Functional Assessment Self-care Efficiency (mean, 0.9 ± 0.62) Functional Assessment-Mobility Efficiency (mean, 16.4 ± 8.69) |
|||||
| Liu et al. (2020)9 | China | Randomized controlled trial | 36 | 24 | 69.4 (8.0) | Acute care | X | X | X | X | Forced expiratory volume (FEV1; P < 0.05) Forced vital capacity (FVC; P < 0.05) Relation FEV1/FVC (P < 0.05) |
||||
| Sakai et al. (2020)10 | Japan | Observational retrospective | 43 | 31 | 65 (21–95) | Acute care and intensive care | X | X | X | X | Daily life activities (Barthel index; P < 0.001) Mobility score (P < 0.001) |
||||
| Spielmanns et al. (2021)11 | Switzerland | Prospective observational | 99 | 57 | 67.7 ± 10.2 | Acute care | X | X | X | X | X | Functional Independence Measurement (P < 0.0001) Cardiorespiratory functional capacity (6MWT; P < 0.0001) |
|||
| Zampogna et al. (2021)12 |
Italy | Observational retrospective | 140 | 95 | 71.0 (61.5–78.0) | Acute care | X | X | X | X | X | Short Physical Performance Battery (P < 0.0001) Daily life activities (Barthel index; P < 0.0001) |
|||
F indicates face-to-face rehabilitation; O, online rehabilitation; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation; PP, physical rehabilitation; OI, other intervention; PT, physiotherapist; OT, occupational therapist; MT, multidisciplinary team; NR, not reported; 6MWT, 6-min walk test.