| Author |
Participants |
Main result |
|
Study |
| Costa et al., 2014 [2] |
- |
Exposure to air pollution has been associated with increased expression of neurodegenerative disease pathologies markers. |
Multiple Sclerosis |
Neurotoxicants Are in the Air: Convergence of Human, Animal, and In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Air Pollution on the Brain |
| Heydarpour et al., 2014 [8] |
N=2188 |
The exposure to NO2, NOx, PM10, and SO2 for long-term is risk factor for MS. |
Potential Impact of Air Pollution on Multiple Sclerosis in Tehran, Iran |
| Lavery et al., 2018 [9] |
MS cases (N=290) and healthy controls (N=442) |
Significant association between air pollutants (CO, SO2 and lead) and higher odds for MS in pediatric. |
Urban air quality and associations with pediatric multiple sclerosis |
| Gregory II et al., 2008 [10] |
N=9,072,576 |
A potential role of PM10 in MS etiology of MS in females. |
Multiple Sclerosis disease distribution and potential impact of environmental air pollutants in Georgia |
| Angelici et al., 2016 [11] |
N=8287 |
Exposure to PM10 have a role in determining MS occurrence and relapses. |
Effects of particulate matter exposure on multiple sclerosis hospital admission in Lombardy region, Italy |
| Bergamaschi et al., 2018 [12] |
N=52 |
Air pollution causes inflammatory exacerbations which may make it a risk factor for MS. |
Air pollution is associated to the multiple sclerosis inflammatory activity as measured by brain MRI |
| Jeanjean et al., 2018 [13] |
N=424 |
In the single-pollution model, significant associations between the exposures to air pollutants (PM10, NO2, and O3) and the relapses in MS. In the multi-pollutant model, there is a significant association between O3 and the relapses in MS. |
Ozone, NO2 and PM10 are associated with the occurrence of multiple sclerosis relapses. Evidence from seasonal multi-pollutant analyses |
| Mehrpour et al., 2013 [14] |
N=174 |
Air pollutants are potential risk factors for relapse in MS. |
Effect of Air Pollutant Markers on Multiple Sclerosis Relapses |
| Oikonen et al., 2003 [15] |
N=1,205 |
A high level of ambient air PM10 may enhance the occurrence of the seasonal changes in MS relapse. |
Ambient air quality and occurrence of multiple sclerosis relapse |
| Roux et al., 2017 [16] |
N=536 |
A positive association between the exposure to PM10 and the risk of MS relapse in cold season. |
Air pollution by particulate matter PM 10 may trigger multiple sclerosis relapses |
| Vojinović et al., 2015 [17] |
N=101 |
The decrease in the numbers of days with low air pollution during the time of low vitamin D specifically while increasing the cloudiness, increase the risk of relapses in MS in southern continental parts of Europe. |
Disease relapses in multiple sclerosis can be influenced by air pollution and climate seasonal conditions |
| Ashtari et al., 2018 [18] |
N=1170 |
Air pollution was related to the MS expanded disability status scale (EDSS), severity, and remission of MS disease. |
An 8-year study of people with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran: Association between environmental air pollutants and severity of disease |
| Tateo et al., 2018 [19] |
N=1435 |
A strong association between the exposure to PM2.5 and the prevalence of MS. |
PM2.5 levels strongly associate with multiple sclerosis prevalence in the Province of Padua, Veneto Region, North-East Italy |
| Bergamaschi et al., 2021 [20] |
N=927 |
The risk of MS is low in individuals living in rural areas where the level of PM2.5 is low. |
PM2.5 exposure as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis. An ecological study with a Bayesian mapping approach |
| Türk Börü et al., 2020 [21] |
From Eregli: 32261 From Devrek: 21963 |
As compared to the rural city, the MS prevalence rate is more than double in the area home to an iron and steel factory which suggest that air pollution is a potential MS etiological factor. |
Air pollution, a possible risk factor for multiple sclerosis |
| Yuchi et al., 2020 [22] |
N=678,000 |
No association between air pollutants and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. |
Road proximity, air pollution, noise, green space and neurologic disease incidence: a population-based cohort study |
| Bai et al., 2018 [23] |
N=2,824,478 |
No association between long-term exposures to PM2.5, O3, and NO2, and MS incidence in adults. |
Long-term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of multiple sclerosis: A population-based cohort study |
| Palacios et al., 2017 [24] |
Study1: 121,700 Study2: 116,671 |
No association between the exposure to PM air pollution and the risk of MS. |
Exposure to particulate matter air pollution and risk of multiple sclerosis in two large cohorts of US nurses |
| Chen et al., 2017 [25] |
N=9247 |
No association between the MS incidence and living near to heavy traffic. |
Living near major roads and the incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis: a population-based cohort study |
| Cortese et al., 2020 [27] |
N=57 MS patients and 19 healthy controls |
In MS patients the exposure to PM10 induce the autoreactive Th17 lymphocytes production in the lung and enhance their migration through the blood-brain barrier. |
Air pollution as a contributor to the inflammatory activity of multiple sclerosis |
| Niu et al., 2021 [29] |
23 million participants (conducted from 68 studies) |
There is a positive association between air pollution exposure and the increase in the risk of stroke incidence (SO2, PM2.5, and NO2), hospital admission (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, O3, and CO), and mortality (PM10, PM2.5, NO2, and SO2). |
Stroke |
Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and hospital admission, incidence, and mortality of stroke: an updated systematic review and meta- analysis of more than 23 million participants |
| Guo et al., 2017 [30] |
N=95562 |
A borderline significant association was observed between the exposure to NO2 modeled as an averaged lag effect and the risk of ischemic stroke. |
Ambient Air Pollution and Risk for Ischemic Stroke: A Short-Term Exposure Assessment in South China |
| Korek et al., 2015 [31] |
N=20.070 (868 stroke cases) |
NOx and PM10 from local traffic are associated with the incidence of stroke in a region with comparatively low air pollutant levels. |
Traffic-related air pollution exposure and incidence of stroke in four cohorts from Stockholm |
| Lisabeth et al., 2018 [32] |
N=3508 (ischemic stroke= 2350, TIA=1158). |
Borderline significant association between PM2.5 and O3 exposure and ischemic stroke/TIA. |
Ambient Air Pollution and Risk for Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. |
| Zhang et al., 2021 [33] |
N=109,975 |
Elevated levels of PM10, PM2.5, NO3, CO, and SO2 positively associated with the increase in TIA hospital admissions. |
Association between short-term exposure to ambient air pollution and hospital admissions for transient ischemic attacks in Beijing, China |
| Shin et al., 2019 [34] |
N=5071956 |
PM2.5, NO2, O3 and OX consistently associated with higher incidence for stroke hospitalization. With the exception of NO2 all other pollutants were associated with ischemic stroke more than hemorrhagic stroke. |
Ambient Air Pollution and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke: A Population Based Cohort Study. |
| Amini et al., 2020 [35] |
N=23,423 |
PM2.5 was significantly associated with overall stroke, stronger with ischemic stroke than hemorrhagic stroke. |
Long-term exposure to air pollution and stroke incidence: A Danish Nurse cohort study |
| Huang et al. 2019 [37] |
N=117575 |
Every 10 µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 level was associated with increased risk of stroke incidence, increased ischemic stroke incidence and increased in hemorrhagic stroke incidence. |
Long term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter and incidence of stroke: prospective cohort study from the China-PAR project |
| Wellenius et al., 2005 [38] |
N=174817 |
PM10 was positively associated with stroke admission on the same day, ischemic stroke rather than hemorrhagic stroke. |
Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke Among Medicare Beneficiaries |
| Zhang et al., 2018 [39] |
N=48,122 |
The increase in ambient PM2.5 by 10 μg/m3 was associated with the increase of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke mortality. |
Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Ischemic Stroke and Hemorrhagic Stroke Mortality |
| Wellenius et al., 2012 [40] |
N=1705 |
PM2.5 exposure increased the risk of ischemic stroke and the greatest risk was within 12-14 hours of exposure. |
Ambient Air Pollution and the Risk of Acute Ischemic Stroke |
| Qiu et al., 2017 [41] |
N=61447 |
PM2.5 had a statistically significant association with ischemic stroke and unspecified stroke and no association with hemorrhagic stroke. |
Fine particulate matter exposure and incidence of stroke A cohort study in Hong Kong. |
| Lin et al., 2016 [42] |
N=5.5 million |
PM10, PM2.5, and PM1 were significantly associated with stroke mortality and related to hemorrhagic stroke rather than ischemic stroke. |
Differentiating the effects of characteristics of PM pollution on mortality from ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. |
| Ljungman et al., 2019 [43] |
N=114,758 |
BC exposure from traffic source is significantly associated with stroke incidence. PM10 and PM2.5 were not associated with stroke incidence. |
Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution, Black Carbon, and Their Source Components in Relation to Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke. |
| Sun et al., 2019 [44] |
N=5417 (ischemic=4300, hemorrhagic=924, undetermined type=193) |
NO2 and NOX were associated with higher relative risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The association was mor pronounced among non-obese participants. PM2.5 and PM10 were not associated with stroke. |
Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution and Incidence of Stroke in the Women’s Health Initiative |
| Vivanco-Hidalgo et al., 2019 [45] |
N=2761 |
No association between PM2.5 and initial stroke severity. Residential with higher greenspace surrounding was associated with less severe acute ischemic stroke. |
Association of residential air pollution, noise, and greenspace with initial ischemic stroke severity. |
| Vivanco-Hidalgo et al., 2018 [46] |
N=3311 |
PM2.5 and BC were not associated with acute ischemic stroke, but in subtype analysis BC was associated with higher risk of ischemic stroke symptoms onset due to large artery atherosclerosis. |
Short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and ischemic stroke onset in Barcelona, Spain |
| Han et al., 2015 [47] |
N=3001 (2202 were IS and 799 were ICH) |
There is a strong positive correlation between NO2 and the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage among the older age group. |
Effect of Seasonal and Monthly Variation in Weather and Air Pollution Factors on Stroke Incidence in Seoul, Korea |
| Tang et al., 2019 [48] |
N=1646 |
One-pollutant model: every 10 µg/m3 increase in O3 had significant impact on daily emergency outpatient visits for acute stroke, greater change in males, increased risk for those who aged > 60 years and in the group with pre-existing HTN. Two-pollutant model: the combination between O3 and 10 µg/m3 increase in NO2 increased the risk of emergency stroke. |
Short‑term exposure to air pollution and occurrence of emergency stroke in Chongqing, China |
| Henrotin et al., 2007 [49] |
N=2078 |
Single pollutant model: O3 levels is associated with ischemic stroke in men over 40 years old, no significant association with hemorrhagic stroke. Two-pollutant model: significant O3 effect with other pollutant particularly PM10. |
Short-term effects of ozone air pollution on ischemic stroke occurrence: a case-crossover analysis from a 10-year population-based study in Dijon, France. |
| Suissa et al., 2013 [50] |
N=1729 |
An increase in O3 level by 10 µg/m3 is associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke and large artery stroke. |
Ozone air pollution and ischemic stroke occurrence: a case-crossover study in Nice, France. |
| Chen et al., 2020 [51] |
N=276,736 |
Compared with stroke without hypertension, greater risk of hospitalization for stroke with hypertension caused by SO2 and NO2, with lower risk observed due to O3. For stroke patients with coronary atherosclerosis, O3 and SO2 appeared to be protective. |
Effect of air pollution on hospitalization for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and myocardial infarction |
| Andersen et al., 2014 [52] |
N=52215 |
Borderline significant association between NO2 and (stroke incidence, and stroke hospitalization). The association was for the ischemic and unspecified stroke, no association with hemorrhagic stroke. |
Stroke and Long-Term Exposure to Outdoor Air Pollution from Nitrogen Dioxide A Cohort Study. |
| Huang et al., 2017 [53] |
N=147624 |
O3 and stroke admission were positively associated during warm season and negatively associated during cold season. Both SO2 and NO2 were positively associated with stroke admission especially in those aged < 65 years and during warm season. |
|
Gaseous Air Pollution and the Risk for Stroke Admissions: A Case-Crossover Study in Beijing, China |
