Table 5.

An Overview of Risk Factors Identified and Main Outcomes Reported

Study	Risk factors identified	Main outcomes reported	Limitation	Higher SI/SA risk compared to the general population (p-value)/ General population source
Turner et al. 32	NS	Surgery-only LGG survivors may be more affected by their tumor and its resection than previously appreciated. Mental health problems were elevated compared to the general population for both older children (p = 0.05) and adults (p = 0.002). SI was similar compared to non-CNS childhood cancers	Small sample size, retrospective design, single-center study	NS
Brinkman et al. 33	Sex, age, and history of depression (OR = 20.6, 95 % CI = 4.2–101.1), psychoactive medication treatment (OR = 4.5, 95 % CI = 1.8–11.2), observation or surgery-only treatment (OR = 3.7, 95% CI = 1.5–9.1), and seizures (OR = 3.6, 95% CI = 1.1–11.1) were significantly associated with SI in survivors.	Survivors of pediatric brain tumors appear to be at risk for experiencing SI. A significant number of pediatric brain survivors (11.7%) reported SI, which is higher than the 12 months SI prevalence of 3.7% in the US general population. History of depression is the strongest predictor of SI.	Retrospective design, single-center study	Yes (NS)/ General US adult population37
Lucas et al. 34	NS	Survivors of childhood brain tumors and their caregivers may experience psychosocial distress. SI rates are higher than the 12-month suicidal ideation prevalence in adults (4%) in the general population of the USA. Nurses, as research assistants or in other roles, can use tools such as the C-SSRS to assist in front-line assessments.	Small sample size, single-center study	Yes (NS)/ General US adult population37
Hickmann et al. 38	NS	Patients with intracranial tumors have decreased HRQoL and SI regardless of histopathology. SI is associated with higher BDI scores, but no evident depression (BDI ≥ 18).	Small sample size, heterogenous sample	NS
Pranckeviciene et al. 37	Severity of anxiety symptoms (p = 0.01), physical impairment causing role limitations (p = 0.01), pain severity (p = 0.03), worse mental health (p < 0.01), and a past history of psychiatric disorders (p = 0.03)	SI was present in 6 % of patients before surgical intervention and was associated with a history of psychiatric disorders and worse perceived health status.	Small sample size, heterogenous sample	NS
Saad et al. 35	Male sex (O/E, 3.38), age older than 64 (O/E, 5.04), and glioblastoma diagnosis (O/E, 4)	Patients diagnosed with brain cancers had a higher rate of suicide within the first year after their diagnosis compared with the general population.	Retrospective study, heterogenous sample	Yes (NS)/ US general population
Zhou et al. 36	Male sex (SMR = 1.78), older age (60 - 79 years, SMR = 3.54), white ethnicity (SMR = 1.86), being married (SMR = 2.31), living in rural areas (SMR = 2.50), history of other malignancy (SMR = 3.81), diagnosis of glioblastoma (SMR = 4.05) and supratentorial location (SMR = 2.45).	Male sex, older age, and supratentorial location were significantly associated with increased risk of SA, especially within the first year following diagnosis.	Retrospective study, heterogenous sample	Yes (p < 0.001)/ US general population

BDI, Beck depression inventory; CI, confidence interval; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; LGG, low-grade glioma; O/E: observed to expected; SI, suicide ideation; SMR, standardized mortality ratio; US, United States.