Table 3.

CN involvement by common HNPGL subtypes. The most common findings are bolded.

Tumor type	CN involvement	Possible presenting symptoms	CNs almost always resected/injured
CBP	IX, X, XI, XII	Painless lateral neck mass. Hoarseness, dysphagia, vertigo, Horner syndrome	Rarely X or XII
VP	VIII, IX, X, XI, XII	Asymptomatic neck mass behind mandible. Pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss, dysphagia, shoulder drop, hemiatrophy of tongue	X > XII
JFP	VII, VIII, X, XI, XII	Facial paralysis, pulsatile tinnitus, conductive hearing loss, aural fullness, sensorineural hearing loss and/or dizziness (inner ear invasion), dysphonia/hoarseness, dysphagia/aspiration, shoulder weakness/pain, tongue paralysis	IX > X, XI > XII
TP	VIII	Pulsatile tinnitus, conductive hearing loss, aural fullness	Rarely VIII