Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants between Black and non-Hispanic White participants
| Variable label | Overall N = 116,278 |
Non-Hispanic White N = 116,278 |
Black N = 12,345 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at screening | 63.2 ± 7.2 | 63.4 ± 7.2 | 61.4 ± 7.1 |
| Body-mass Index, kg/m2 | 28.0 ± 5.9 | 27.6 ± 5.7 | 31.2 ± 6.7 |
| Waist, cm | 86.6 ± 13.8 | 86.0 ± 13.7 | 91.9 ± 14.1 |
| Family history of breast cancer | |||
| No | 105,969 (82.4%) | 95,318 (82.0%) | 10,651 (86.3%) |
| Yes | 22,654 (17.6%) | 20,960 (18.0%) | 1694 (13.7%) |
| Physical activity | |||
| 3 or less episodes/week | 96,233 (74.8%) | 85,911 (73.9%) | 10,322 (83.6%) |
| 4 or more episodes/week | 32,390 (25.2%) | 30,367 (26.1%) | 2023 (16.4%) |
| Education | |||
| Below college degree | 76,528 (59.5%) | 68,614 (59.0%) | 7914 (64.1%) |
| College or higher | 52,095 (40.5%) | 47,664 (41.0%) | 4431 (35.9%) |
| Annual family income | |||
| < $20,000 | 18,770 (15.5%) | 15,314 (14.0%) | 3456 (29.8%) |
| $20,000– < $50,000 | 54,799 (45.2%) | 49,872 (45.5%) | 4927 (42.5%) |
| $50,000– < $100,000 | 35,704 (29.5%) | 32,997 (30.1%) | 2707 (23.3%) |
| $100,000 or more | 11,950 (9.9%) | 11,434 (10.4%) | 516 (4.4%) |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status (quintile) | |||
| 0 | 23,342 (20.0%) | 16,127 (15.2%) | 7215 (69.2%) |
| 1 | 23,341 (20.0%) | 21,920 (20.6%) | 1421 (13.6%) |
| 2 | 23,342 (20.0%) | 22,629 (21.3%) | 713 (6.8%) |
| 3 | 23,341 (20.0%) | 22,733 (21.4%) | 608 (5.8%) |
| 4 | 23,341 (20.0%) | 22,865 (21.5%) | 476 (4.6%) |
| Smoking | |||
| Never or former | 119,626 (93.0%) | 108,684 (93.5%) | 10,942 (88.6%) |
| Current | 8997 (7.0%) | 7594 (6.5%) | 1403 (11.4%) |
| Alcohol drink | |||
| 6 or less drinks/week | 112,880 (87.8%) | 101,063 (86.9%) | 11,817 (95.7%) |
| 7 or more drinks/week | 15,743 (12.2%) | 15,215 (13.1%) | 528 (4.3%) |
| Diet quality | 65.2 ± 10.4 | 65.5 ± 10.3 | 62.6 ± 10.8 |
| Reproductive factors | |||
| Nulliparous women | 14,979 (11.6%) | 13,308 (11.4%) | 1671 (13.5%) |
| Parous women | 113,644 (88.4%) | 102,970 (88.6%) | 10,674 (86.5%) |
| Number of term pregnancies | |||
| 1 | 11,136 (8.7%) | 9270 (8.0%) | 1866 (15.1%) |
| 2 | 32,356 (25.2%) | 29,500 (25.4%) | 2856 (23.1%) |
| 3 | 31,500 (24.5%) | 29,248 (25.2%) | 2252 (18.2%) |
| 4 | 19,786 (15.4%) | 18,290 (15.7%) | 1496 (12.1%) |
| 5 or more | 18,866 (14.7%) | 16,662 (14.3%) | 2204 (17.9%) |
| Breastfeeding per child | |||
| No breastfeeding | 49,120 (38.2%) | 44,170 (38.0%) | 4950 (40.1%) |
| 1–3 months | 35,869 (27.9%) | 32,316 (27.8%) | 3553 (28.8%) |
| 4–6 months | 14,653 (11.4%) | 13,465 (11.6%) | 1188 (9.6%) |
| 6 months or more | 14,002 (10.9%) | 13,019 (11.2%) | 983 (8.0%) |
| History of diabetes | |||
| No | 121,551 (94.6%) | 110,886 (95.4%) | 10,665 (86.5%) |
| Yes | 7002 (5.4%) | 5337 (4.6%) | 1665 (13.5%) |
| History of hypertension | |||
| No | 85,767 (66.7%) | 80,121 (68.9%) | 5646 (45.7%) |
| Yes | 42,856 (33.3%) | 36,157 (31.1%) | 6699 (54.3%) |
| High cholesterol | |||
| No | 104,515 (86.4%) | 94,662 (86.6%) | 9853 (84.5%) |
| Yes | 16,484 (13.6%) | 14,675 (13.4%) | 1809 (15.5%) |
| History of hormone therapy use | |||
| None | 55,397 (43.1%) | 48,101 (41.4%) | 7296 (59.1%) |
| Estrogen alone | 38,589 (30.0%) | 34,948 (30.1%) | 3641 (29.5%) |
| Estrogen and progestin | 27,265 (21.2%) | 26,147 (22.5%) | 1118 (9.1%) |
| Mixed | 7372 (5.7%) | 7082 (6.1%) | 290 (2.3%) |
| Low socioeconomic status (SES)a | |||
| 0 | 78,074 (60.7%) | 74,345 (63.9%) | 3729 (30.2%) |
| 1 | 36,015 (28.0%) | 31,227 (26.9%) | 4788 (38.8%) |
| 2 | 14,534 (11.3%) | 10,706 (9.2%) | 3828 (31.0%) |
| Cardiometabolic risk factorsb | |||
| 0 | 51,335 (39.9%) | 48,849 (42.0%) | 2486 (20.1%) |
| 1 | 44,078 (34.3%) | 39,798 (34.2%) | 4280 (34.7%) |
| 2 | 24,831 (19.3%) | 20,972 (18.0%) | 3859 (31.3%) |
| 3 | 8379 (6.5%) | 6659 (5.7%) | 1720 (13.9%) |
Values expressed as n(%) for categorical variables, mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables. Difference tests between Black and White women were based on Chi-square test for categorical variables and T-test for continuous variables. All comparisons were significant with all p-values < 0.0001
We assigned 1 point for education being high school degree or lower, 1 point for annual family income < $20,000, and 1 point for NSES lower than 20% of the population, and summed for a total score from 0 to 3; scores of 2 and 3 were collapsed. A higher score indicates low SES
Metabolic dysfunction was assessed by four cardiometabolic risk factors, including elevated WC, self-reported history of diabetes, high cholesterol, and hypertension. We summed the four components with a total score from 0 to 4. A higher score indicates higher metabolic dysfunction. We collapsed scores of 3 and 4 due to a small sample size in the score of 4