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. 2023 Jun 12;11(6):e5051. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000005051

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Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The American Society of Plastic Surgeons.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Fig. 3. — The effect of exosomes on the extracellular matrix. Exosomes (derived from ASC and iPSC) upregulate TGF-β and downregulate TNF-α. TGF-β promotes SMAD pathway, leading to increased TIMP3. On the contrary, TNF-α blocks TIMP3. MMP is involved in ECM remodeling via breaking down collagen I and stimulating collagen III production. MMP is inhibited as a result of exosome treatment, leading to overall increased collagen I and elastin and decreased collagen III. ASC indicates adipose-derived stem cell-derived exosomes; iPSC, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes; SMAD, decapentaplegic.