Table 3.

Research Study Design and Assessments

Reference	N	Study Design	Effect size	Survey	Interview	Observation	Physiology	Independent Researcher Rater	Therapist Rater	Parent/Caregiver Rater	Teacher Rater	Self Rater	Blinded	IRB	IACUC	Total Bias (%)
HORSES
Petty et al 2017	67	Randomized Control	X	X						X				X		100%
Gabriels et al 2018	64	Randomized Control	X	X					X	X				X		92%
Coman et al 2018	50	Randomized Control	X	X						X	X1					85%
Souza-Santos et al 2018	45	Randomized Control		X				X						X		92%
Kwon et al 2019	29	Non-Randomized Control		X					X					X		92%
Harris et al 2017	26	Non-Randomized Control	X	X		X					X1			X		92%
Ozyurt et al 2020	24	Randomized Control	X	X				X		X				X		92%
Pan et al 2019	16	Randomized Control	X	X		X	X	X	X	X				X		92%
Anderson et al 2016	15	Pre/Post	X	X	X					X				X		83%
Bystrom et al 2019	9	Qualitative				X			X					X		57%
Malcolm et al 2018	9	Qualitative			X					X	X2			X		43%
Llambias et al 2016	7	Single Subject	X			X			X				X	X		73%
Tan et al 2018	7	Qualitative			X					X				X		86%
Peters et al 2020	6	Single subject	X	X		X				X				X		91%
Kalmbach et al 2020	5	Qualitative			X					X				X		86%
De Milander et al 2016	2	Pre/Post		X		X			X					X		55%
Cerino et al 2016	1	Qualitative				X			X							43%
van der Steen et al 2019	1	Pre/Post		X	X	X		X		X				X		33%
DOGS
Carlisle et al 2018	338	Qualitative		X						X				X		71%
Fecteau et al 2017	98	Non-Randomized Control	X	X			X			X						92%
Wijker et al 2020 (B)	52	Randomized Control	X	X						X3		X		X		77%
Germone et al 2019	47	Non-Randomized Control				X		X						X		92%
Hall et al 2016	37	Non-Randomized Control	X	X						X				X		85%
Becker et al 2017	31	Non-Randomized Control	X	X					X		X1	X	X	X	X	100%
Grandgeorge et al 2017	29	Non-Randomized Control				X		X					X	X	X	69%
Silva et al 2019	23	Non-Randomized Control	X			X	X	X						X	X	100%
Hill et al 2020 (B)	22	Randomized Control		X		X		X		X				X	X	77%
Avila-Alvarez et al 2020	19	Pre/Post	X	X					X					X		83%
London et al 2020	17	Qualitative			X					X				X		86%
Michelotto et al 2019	15	Pre/Post		X					X	X				X		58%
Harwood et al 2019	11	Qualitative			X						X1			X		71%
Hill et al 2020 (A)	10	Qualitative			X					X				X		86%
Silva et al 2018	10	Non-Randomized Control	X			X	X	X						X		100%
Hill et al 2020 (C)	6	Qualitative			X				X					X		86%
Wijker et al 2020 (A)	6	Pre/Post		X		X		X				X		X		67%
Jorgenson et al 2020	5	Single Subject		X		X		X								45%
Protopopova et al 2020	5	Single Subject				X	X	X						X	X	64%
DOLPHINS
Ashtari et al 2018	10	Non-Randomized Control		X				X						X		62%
Griffioen et al 2019	5	Pre/Post				X		X						X		50%
CATS
Hart et al 2018	108	Non-Randomized Control		X	X					X			X	X		50%
MUTIPLE SPECIES
Carlisle et al 2020	764	Cross-Sectional	X	X						X				X		77%
Kregiel et al 2019	50	Cross-Sectional		X						X				X		58%
Grandgeorge et al 2020	42	Non-Randomized Control		X		X		X						X		85%

Note: Table is sorted by descending sample size within each species category. IRB: Institutional Review Board, IACUC: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee

¹School Teacher,

²Teachers/Staff at Equine Center,

³Informant