Fig. 1.
Authors’ interpretation of the influences on grandparents’ provision of treats. The provision of treats to grandchildren appears to be influenced by grandparents’ desire to be remembered as a valued elder which is in turn influenced by (i) the rules regarding the provision of treats; (ii) grandparent role, responsibility and identity; and (iii) the functional use of treats. * denote realms of Kivnick’s framework for grandparent identity