Table 1.
Baseline key sociodemographic characteristics of SMG and comparison households and mothers, Kalalé district, northern Benin (January–March 2014)
| Variable | SMG WG (n 184) |
Comparison WG (n 126) |
SMG NWG (n 228) |
Comparison NWG (n 233) |
P † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother/caregiver characteristics | |||||
| Age (years)‡, mean | 31·92a | 29·69a | 29·41a | 28·74b | <0·001 |
| sd | 7·73 | 6·49 | 6·25 | 6·03 | |
| Mother’s education (%) | NS | ||||
| No formal education | 90·50 | 89·43 | 89·29 | 89·61 | |
| Primary or less | 4·47 | 7·32 | 5·36 | 4·33 | |
| Secondary | 5·03 | 3·25 | 5·36 | 5·63 | |
| University or more | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0·43 | |
| Mother’s occupation§ (%) | NS | ||||
| Agricultural/other labour | 80·33 | 83·18 | 75·20 | 80·52 | |
| Service/business | 18·03 | 13·64 | 20·80 | 16·88 | |
| Others | 1·64 | 3·18 | 4·00 | 2·60 | |
| Household characteristics | |||||
| Household size‡, mean | 7·21a | 8·59a | 6·91b | 7·58a | <0·001 |
| sd | 3·05 | 4·32 | 3·15 | 4·00 | |
| Religion (%) | NS | ||||
| Muslim | 90·66 | 88·80 | 92·02 | 95·20 | |
| Others | 9·34 | 11·20 | 7·98 | 4·80 | |
| Ethnicity (%) | NS | ||||
| Gando | 30·22 | 34·40 | 32·39 | 32·46 | |
| Boo | 39·56 | 35·20 | 35·68 | 29·82 | |
| Peulh | 17·58 | 17·60 | 18·31 | 16·23 | |
| Bariba | 11·54 | 9·60 | 8·92 | 14·91 | |
| Others | 1·10 | 3·20 | 4·69 | 6·58 | |
| Health and sanitation (%) | |||||
| Latrines | 17·98 | 8·26 | 11·85 | 7·59 | 0·007 |
| Improved source of water║ | 73·77 | 74·40 | 69·33 | 68·50 | NS |
| Electricity connection (%) | 13·21 | 2·48 | 10·61 | 2·23 | <0·001 |
| Food insecurity (%) | 17·32 | 16·00 | 12·02 | 20·09 | NS |
| Health-care insecurity (%) | 37·29 | 36·00 | 21·46 | 32·46 | 0·003 |
| Socio-economic status (%) | 0·005 | ||||
| Low | 17·79 | 24·11 | 21·57 | 29·15 | |
| Middle | 49·08 | 53·57 | 48·04 | 54·27 | |
| High | 33·13 | 22·32 | 30·39 | 16·58 | |
SMG, Solar Market Garden; WG, women’s group; NWG, non-women’s group; NS, P > 0·05.
†
Comparison between SMG and comparison groups using ANOVA (mean) and χ2 (%).
‡
Tukey–Kramer pairwise comparisons; a,bvalues within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0·05).
§
Agricultural/other labour = farming, livestock and hunting; services/business = small commerce, services, salaried employees and manual workers; others = students and unemployed/retired.
║
Improved source of water included water from a tap and other sources that were treated.