Table 3.
Multinomial regression: crude and adjusted associations between categories of the ‘anaemic child and overweight mother’ double burden and sociodemographic characteristics among 6–59-month-old children living with their 20–49-year-old mothers (437 child–mother pairs), Greater Tunis area, Tunisia, 2009/2010
| Anaemic child and not overweight mother* | Not anaemic child and overweight mother* | Anaemic child and overweight mother* | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | |||||||||||
| n | %† | RPR§ | 95 % CI║ | RPR¶ | 95 % CI║ | %† | RPR§ | 95 % CI║ | RPR¶ | 95 % CI║ | %† | RPR§ | 95 % CI║ | RPR¶ | 95 % CI║ | |
| Child’s age (months) | P **=0·0003 | P **=0·0081 | P **=0·99 | P **=0·72 | P ** <0·0001 | P ** <0·0001 | ||||||||||
| 6–23 | 128 | 14·4 | 14·3 | 4·0, 50·8 | 13·1 | 2·6, 64·9 | 32·3 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·4 | 43·6 | 11·8 | 4·9, 28·4 | 16·4 | 5·8, 46·3 |
| 24–47 | 197 | 8·0 | 4·7 | 1·2, 17·9 | 4·9 | 1·2, 20·8 | 54·4 | 1·0 | 0·5, 2·0 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·5 | 21·2 | 3·4 | 1·5, 7·9 | 4·1 | 1·8, 9·1 |
| 48–59 | 112 | 2·1 | 1 | 1 | 69·4 | 1 | 1 | 7·9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Child’s sex | P **=0·44 | P **=0·77 | P **=0·94 | P **=0·51 | P **=0·92 | P **=0·45 | ||||||||||
| Female | 215 | 7·1 | 1 | 1 | 52·5 | 1 | 1 | 24·9 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Male | 222 | 9·7 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·1 | 1·1 | 0·5, 2·8 | 51·0 | 1·0 | 0·5, 1·8 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·6 | 24·0 | 1·0 | 0·5, 1·8 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·5 |
| Child’s birth weight | P **=0·70 | P **=0·98 | P **=0·65 | P **=0·87 | P **=0·89 | P **=0·65 | ||||||||||
| <2500 g | 41 | 9·6 | 1·4 | 0·2, 8·0 | 1·0 | 0·2, 5·5 | 55·4 | 1·3 | 0·4, 4·3 | 1·1 | 0·3, 4·0 | 22·1 | 1·1 | 0·3, 3·7 | 0·7 | 0·2, 2·7 |
| ≥2500 g | 396 | 8·3 | 1 | 1 | 51·3 | 1 | 1 | 24·7 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Mother’s age (years) | P **=0·43 | P **=0·63 | P **=0·0079 | P **=0·0043 | P **=0·25 | P **=0·24 | ||||||||||
| 20–29 | 106 | 17·4 | 1 | 1 | 34·1 | 1 | 1 | 25·6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 30–39 | 248 | 6·0 | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·5 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·8 | 55·0 | 2·9 | 1·4, 5·8 | 3·4 | 1·6, 7·0 | 26·3 | 1·9 | 0·8, 4·3 | 2·1 | 0·9, 5·2 |
| 40–49 | 83 | 5·5 | 0·5 | 0·1, 2·2 | 0·7 | 0·1, 2·9 | 61·9 | 2·8 | 1·2, 6·4 | 3·7 | 1·3, 10·3 | 17·6 | 1·1 | 0·4, 2·9 | 1·4 | 0·5, 4·2 |
| Mother’s parity | P **=0·62 | P **=0·65 | P **=0·06 | P **=0·34 | P **=0·0224 | P **=0·0101 | ||||||||||
| 1–2 | 264 | 11·0 | 1 | 1 | 48·9 | 1 | 1 | 21·3 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| ≥3 | 173 | 5·4 | 0·8 | 0·3, 1·9 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·6 | 55·0 | 1·8 | 1·0, 3·5 | 1·4 | 0·7, 2·7 | 28·0 | 2·2 | 1·1, 4·1 | 2·5 | 1·2, 4·8 |
| Mother’s education | P **=0·56 | P **=0·67 | P **=0·28 | P **=0·20 | P **=0·86 | P **=0·50 | ||||||||||
| No schooling | 38 | 4·8 | 0·5 | 0·1, 3·0 | 0·4 | 0·0, 4·8 | 66·2 | 2·5 | 0·6, 10·6 | 1·9 | 0·3, 13·7 | 19·0 | 1·5 | 0·2, 9·0 | 1·1 | 0·1, 10·6 |
| Primary school | 175 | 7·9 | 0·4 | 0·1, 1·4 | 0·5 | 0·1, 4·1 | 45·9 | 0·9 | 0·3, 2·5 | 0·9 | 0·2, 4·9 | 27·1 | 1·1 | 0·3, 3·5 | 1·3 | 0·2, 8·0 |
| Secondary | 179 | 7·8 | 0·7 | 0·2, 1·9 | 1·0 | 0·1, 6·6 | 55·7 | 1·7 | 0·6, 5·0 | 2·3 | 0·5, 10·5 | 23·8 | 1·5 | 0·4, 5·3 | 2·3 | 0·4, 13·5 |
| University | 45 | 16·1 | 1 | 1 | 45·0 | 1 | 1 | 21·8 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Mother’s professional activity | P **=0·31 | P **=0·44 | P=0·83 | P **=0·96 | P **=0·57 | P **=0·67 | ||||||||||
| Upper/intermediate | 45 | 12·5 | 1 | 1 | 49·8 | 1 | 1 | 24·6 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Employee/worker | 76 | 9·8 | 0·8 | 0·2, 3·4 | 0·6 | 0·1, 4·4 | 49·8 | 1·1 | 0·3, 4·0 | 0·8 | 0·1, 5·3 | 28·1 | 1·2 | 0·3, 5·5 | 0·7 | 0·1, 5·6 |
| Without activity | 316 | 7·5 | 0·5 | 0·2, 1·4 | 0·4 | 0·1, 2·1 | 52·5 | 0·8 | 0·3, 2·5 | 0·8 | 0·1, 4·3 | 23·5 | 0·8 | 0·2, 2·8 | 0·5 | 0·1, 3·4 |
| Household economic proxy | P **=0·50 | P **=0·14 | P **=0·70 | P **=0·55 | P **=0·40 | P **=0·22 | ||||||||||
| Lower tertile | 159 | 10·6 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·6 | 2·9 | 0·9, 9·3 | 49·0 | 1·2 | 0·6, 2·7 | 1·6 | 0·6, 4·1 | 26·2 | 1·7 | 0·7, 4·0 | 2·3 | 0·8, 6·3 |
| Intermediate tertile | 152 | 5·3 | 0·7 | 0·2, 2·3 | 1·1 | 0·3, 3·9 | 54·7 | 1·4 | 0·6, 3·4 | 1·5 | 0·6, 3·5 | 26·1 | 1·7 | 0·7, 4·3 | 2·0 | 0·8, 5·3 |
| Upper tertile | 126 | 9·6 | 1 | 1 | 51·4 | 1 | 1 | 20·2 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Child’s dietary diversity score | P **=0·13 | P **=0·29 | P **=0·73 | P **=0·76 | P **=0·05 | P **=0·61 | ||||||||||
| Lower tertile (1–5) | 155 | 10·4 | 1 | 1 | 45·0 | 1 | 1 | 32·5 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Intermediate tertile (6–7) | 186 | 5·9 | 0·4 | 0·1, 1·0 | 0·6 | 0·2, 1·8 | 56·4 | 0·8 | 0·5, 1·5 | 0·9 | 0·5, 1·8 | 19·3 | 0·4 | 0·2, 0·8 | 0·7 | 0·3, 1·7 |
| Upper tertile (8–11) | 96 | 9·9 | 0·8 | 0·3, 2·1 | 1·2 | 0·4, 4·1 | 53·8 | 0·9 | 0·4, 2·4 | 1·2 | 0·4, 3·5 | 21·1 | 0·5 | 0·2, 1·6 | 1·1 | 0·3, 3·7 |
| Mother’s energy intake | P **=0·21 | P **=0·21 | P **=0·0002 | P **= 0·0003 | P **=0·0001 | P **=0·0011 | ||||||||||
| Lower tertile | 148 | 10·7 | 1 | 1 | 41·4 | 1 | 1 | 19·7 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Intermediate tertile | 143 | 11·3 | 2·3 | 0·9, 5·7 | 2·4 | 0·9, 6·4 | 54·4 | 2·8 | 1·4, 5·8 | 3·8 | 1·6, 9·0 | 21·1 | 2·3 | 1·1, 4·9 | 2·7 | 1·1, 6·5 |
| Upper tertile | 146 | 3·9 | 1·5 | 0·5, 4·8 | 1·3 | 0·4, 4·7 | 58·0 | 5·8 | 2·4, 14·0 | 7·9 | 2·7, 23·0 | 31·3 | 6·6 | 2·9, 15·2 | 7·6 | 2·5, 22·8 |
| Mother’ physical activity | P **=0·64 | P **=0·79 | P **=0·59 | P **=0·33 | P **=0·74 | P **=0·21 | ||||||||||
| Sedentary (PAL <1·7) | 103 | 7·8 | 0·8 | 0·3, 2·2 | 0·9 | 0·3, 2·5 | 50·0 | 0·8 | 0·4, 1·7 | 1·5 | 0·7, 3·5 | 25·0 | 0·9 | 0·4, 1·8 | 1·8 | 0·7, 4·6 |
| Active (PAL≥1·7) | 334 | 8·6 | 1 | 1 | 52·2 | 1 | 1 | 24·3 | 1 | 1·0 | ||||||
PAL, physical activity level.
*
Compared with the response variable reference category: not anaemic child and not overweight mother (anaemia, Hb <110 g/l for children; overweight, BMI≥25·0 kg/m2 for mothers).
†
Prevalence proportion (weighted estimates).
§
Relative prevalence ratio (v. reference category for which RPR=1), taking the sampling design into account.
║
95 % CI taking the sampling design into account.
¶
Adjusted for all variables in column 1.
**
Crude or adjusted P value for multinomial regression models.