Table 2.
Association between the adapted Mediterranean Diet Score for Adolescents by Z-score method (zMDS_A) and food intakes among adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years from nine European countries, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
| zMDS_A (n 2330, under-reporters included) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Beverages | |||
| Water (g/d) | 0·0008 | 0·0005, 0·0010 | <0·0001 |
| Coffee and tea (g/d) | 0·0009 | −0·0002, 0·0022 | 0·111 |
| Soups/bouillon (g/d) | −0·0009 | −0·0029, 0·0009 | 0·326 |
| Bread & Cereals | |||
| Bread and rolls (g/d) | 0·0152 | 0·0129, 0·0176 | <0·0001 |
| Breakfast cereals (g/d) | 0·0356 | 0·0294, 0·0419 | <0·0001 |
| Potatoes & Grains | |||
| Rice and other grains (g/d) | 0·0111 | 0·0077, 0·0146 | <0·0001 |
| Starch roots, potatoes (g/d) | 0·0055 | 0·0023, 0·0087 | 0·001 |
| Pasta (g/d) | 0·0056 | 0·0032, 0·0081 | <0·0001 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 0·0264 | 0·0245, 0·0284 | <0·0001 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 0·0140 | 0·0128, 0·0152 | <0·0001 |
| Milk Products | |||
| Milk, yoghurt and milk beverages (g/d) | −0·0015 | −0·0030, −0·0000 | 0·050 |
| Desserts and puddings, milk based (g/d) | −0·0049 | −0·0101, 0·0002 | 0·062 |
| Cheese (g/d) | 0·0160 | 0·0101, 0·0218 | <0·0001 |
| Meat/Fish/Egg/Meat Alternatives | |||
| Meat (g/d) | −0·0095 | −0·0112, −0·0077 | <0·0001 |
| Fish products (g/d) | 0·0442 | 0·0386, 0·0498 | <0·0001 |
| Eggs (g/d) | 0·0186 | 0·0102, 0·0271 | <0·0001 |
| Meat substitutes, nuts and pulses (g/d) | 0·0331 | 0·0291, 0·0370 | <0·0001 |
| Fats & Oils | |||
| Margarine and vegetable oils (g/d) | 0·0405 | 0·0247, 0·0564 | <0·0001 |
| Butter and animal fats (g/d) | 0·0179 | 0·0057, 0·0300 | 0·004 |
| Non-recommended foods | |||
| Snacks & Candy | |||
| Cakes, pies, biscuits (g/d) | −0·0004 | −0·0037, 0·0028 | 0·799 |
| Savoury snacks (g/d) | −0·0096 | −0·0180, −0·0013 | 0·024 |
| Sugar, honey, jam, candies, chocolate (g/d) | 0·0144 | 0·0066, 0·0221 | <0·0001 |
| Sauces & Creams (g/d) | −0·0011 | −0·0065, 0·0040 | 0·680 |
| Drinks | |||
| Carbonated/soft/isotonic drinks (g/d) | −0·0011 | −0·0016, −0·0007 | <0·0001 |
| Fruit and vegetable juices (g/d) | 0·0009 | 0·0001, 0·0018 | 0·024 |
| Alcoholic beverages (g/d) | −0·0079 | −0·0093, −0·0065 | <0·0001 |
β, standardized regression coefficient.
Multilevel regression analyses with inclusion of a random intercept for centre and corrected for age and sex as independent variables. Bonferroni correction resulted in level of significance <0·0019.