Table 4.
Association between the adapted Mediterranean Diet Score for Adolescents by Z-score method (zMDS_A) and usual intake of macro- and micronutrients among adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years from nine European countries, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
| zMDS_A (n 2330, under-reporters included) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Macronutrients | |||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 0·0011 | 0·0009, 0·0013 | <0·0001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 0·0222 | 0·0178, 0·0265 | <0·0001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 0·0105 | 0·0092, 0·0118 | <0·0001 |
| Total fat (g/d) | 0·000017 | 0·000013, 0·00002 | <0·0001 |
| Water (g/d) | 0·0016 | 0·0014, 0·0018 | <0·0001 |
| Fibre (g/d) | 0·2430 | 0·2274, 0·2586 | <0·0001 |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Monosaccharides (g/d) | 0·000016 | 0·000011, 0·000020 | <0·0001 |
| Disaccharides (g/d) | 0·000013 | 0·000010, 0·000016 | <0·0001 |
| Polysaccharides (g/d) | 0·000022 | 0·000016, 0·000024 | <0·0001 |
| Fats | |||
| SFA (mg/d) | 0·000023 | 0·000014, 0·000032 | <0·0001 |
| MUFA (mg/d) | 0·000060 | 0·000049, 0·000071 | <0·0001 |
| PUFA (mg/d) | 0·000096 | 0·000073, 0·000120 | <0·0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 0·0014 | 0·0004, 0·0024 | 0·005 |
| Minerals | |||
| Na (mg/d)* | 5·447 | 4·607, 6·286 | <0·0001 |
| K (mg/d) | 0·0014 | 0·0013, 0·0016 | <0·0001 |
| Cl (mg/d) | 0·0006 | 0·0005, 0·0007 | <0·0001 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 0·0029 | 0·0025, 0·0032 | <0·0001 |
| Mg (mg/d) | 0·0121 | 0·0110, 0·0133 | <0·0001 |
| Fe (µg/d) | 0·00019 | 0·00017, 0·00022 | <0·0001 |
| Cu (µg/d) | 0·0013 | 0·0012, 0·0015 | <0·0001 |
| Zn (µg/d) | 0·00020 | 0·00017, 0·00024 | <0·0001 |
| F (µg/d) | 0·0029 | 0·0024, 0·0034 | <0·0001 |
| Iodine (µg/d) | 0·0388 | 0·0355, 0·0420 | <0·0001 |
| P (mg/d) | 0·0025 | 0·0022, 0·0028 | <0·0001 |
| Mn (µg/d) | 0·00071 | 0·00064, 0·00079 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamins | |||
| Thiamin (µg/d) | 0·0017 | 0·0014, 0·0020 | <0·0001 |
| Riboflavin (µg/d) | 0·0018 | 0·0016, 0·0020 | <0·0001 |
| Niacin (µg/d) | 0·00005 | 0·00002, 0·00007 | <0·0001 |
| Pantothenic acid (µg/d) | 0·0006 | 0·0005, 0·0007 | <0·0001 |
| Pyridoxine (µg/d) | 0·0016 | 0·0014, 0·0018 | <0·0001 |
| Biotin (µg/d) | 0·0884 | 0·0805, 0·0964 | <0·0001 |
| Total folic acid (µg/d) | 0·0225 | 0·0210, 0·0240 | <0·0001 |
| Cobalamin (µg/d) | 0·1666 | 0·1139, 0·2193 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin C (g/d) | 0·000020 | 0·000018, 0·000022 | <0·0001 |
| Retinol equivalents (µg/d) | 0·0012 | 0·0009, 0·0014 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 0·8781 | 0·7504, 1·0058 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin E (µg/d) | 0·00034 | 0·00031, 0·00037 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 0·0128 | 0·0116, 0·0141 | <0·0001 |
β, standardized regression coefficient.
Multilevel regression analyses with inclusion of a random intercept for centre and corrected for age and sex as independent variables. Bonferroni correction resulted in level of significance <0·0013.
*
Variable was log-transformed to obtain a normal distribution.