Table 5.
Association between the adapted KIDMED for adolescents (KIDMED_A) and usual intake of macro- and micronutrients among adolescents aged 12·5–17·5 years from nine European countries, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
| KIDMED_A (n 1114) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95 % CI | P value | |
| Macronutrients | |||
| Energy (kcal/d) | 0·0005 | 0·0004, 0·0007 | <0·0001 |
| Protein (g/d) | 0·0137 | 0·0095, 0·0178 | <0·0001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/d) | 0·0045 | 0·0032, 0·0057 | <0·0001 |
| Total fat (g/d) | 0·000010 | 0·000006, 0·000014 | <0·0001 |
| Water (g/d) | 0·0010 | 0·0008, 0·0012 | <0·0001 |
| Fibre (g/d) | 0·1040 | 0·0887, 0·1193 | <0·0001 |
| Carbohydrates | |||
| Monosaccharides (g/d) | 0·000006 | 0·000002, 0·000010 | 0·002 |
| Disaccharides (g/d) | 0·000007 | 0·000004, 0·000010 | <0·0001 |
| Polysaccharides (g/d) | 0·000007 | 0·000007, 0·000012 | <0·0001 |
| Fats | |||
| SFA (mg/d) | 0·00002 | 0·00001, 0·00003 | <0·0001 |
| MUFA (mg/d) | 0·00002 | 0·00001, 0·00003 | <0·0001 |
| PUFA (mg/d) | 0·00002 | 0·00001, 0·00004 | 0·038 |
| Cholesterol (mg/d) | 0·0015 | 0·0005, 0·0025 | 0·002 |
| Minerals | |||
| Na (mg/d)* | 3·4618 | 2·6534, 4·2702 | <0·0001 |
| K (mg/d) | 0·0007 | 0·0005, 0·0008 | <0·0001 |
| Cl (mg/d) | 0·0004 | 0·0003, 0·0005 | <0·0001 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 0·0017 | 0·0014, 0·0020 | <0·0001 |
| Mg (mg/d) | 0·0058 | 0·0047, 0·0069 | <0·0001 |
| Fe (µg/d) | 0·00004 | 0·00009, 0·00012 | <0·0001 |
| Cu (µg/d) | 0·0008 | 0·0006, 0·0009 | <0·0001 |
| Zn (µg/d) | 0·00016 | 0·00012, 0·00019 | <0·0001 |
| F (µg/d) | 0·0020 | 0·0015, 0·0025 | <0·0001 |
| Iodine (µg/d) | 0·0209 | 0·0174, 0·0244 | <0·0001 |
| P (mg/d) | 0·0014 | 0·0012, 0·0017 | <0·0001 |
| Mn (µg/d) | 0·0003 | 0·0002, 0·0004 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamins | |||
| Thiamin (µg/d) | 0·0009 | 0·0007, 0·0012 | <0·0001 |
| Riboflavin (µg/d) | 0·0011 | 0·0009, 0·0013 | <0·0001 |
| Niacin (µg/d) | 0·00004 | 0·00002, 0·00007 | <0·0001 |
| Pantothenic acid (µg/d) | 0·00039 | 0·00032, 0·0004 | <0·0001 |
| Pyridoxine (µg/d) | 0·0009 | 0·0006, 0·0011 | <0·0001 |
| Biotin (µg/d) | 0·0388 | 0·0314, 0·0463 | <0·0001 |
| Total folic acid (µg/d) | 0·0095 | 0·0080, 0·0111 | <0·0001 |
| Cobalamin (µg/d) | 0·1188 | 0·0703, 0·1674 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin C (g/d) | 0·000010 | 0·000008, 0·000012 | <0·0001 |
| Retinol equivalents (µg/d) | 0·0005 | 0·0004, 0·0007 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 0·3170 | 0·1866, 0·4474 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin E (µg/d) | 0·00012 | 0·00009, 0·00015 | <0·0001 |
| Vitamin K (µg/d) | 0·0067 | 0·0054, 0·0081 | <0·0001 |
KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescents; β, standardized regression coefficient.
Multilevel regression analyses with inclusion of a random intercept for centre and corrected for age and sex as independent variables. Bonferroni correction resulted in level of significance <0·0013.
*
Variable was log-transformed to obtain a normal distribution.