Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of child, maternal and household characteristics with childhood stunting in Bangladeshi children under 2 years old (n 6539), October 2015–January 2016
| Stunting | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | n | % | P value | |
| Child characteristics | ||||
| Age (months) | ||||
| 0–5 | 1550 | 15·42 | <0·001 | |
| 6–11 | 2032 | 21·70 | ||
| 12–23 | 2957 | 43·19 | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 3205 | 27·11 | <0·001 | |
| Male | 3334 | 32·63 | ||
| Birth order | ||||
| 1–2 | 4438 | 29·18 | 0·006 | |
| 3–4 | 1746 | 30·36 | ||
| ≥5 | 355 | 37·18 | ||
| Birth weight (kg) | ||||
| <2·5 | 476 | 42·02 | <0·001 | |
| ≥2·5 | 6063 | 28·98 | ||
| Breast-feeding immediately after birth | ||||
| No | 938 | 30·38 | 0·742 | |
| Yes | 5601 | 29·85 | ||
| Prelacteal feeding | ||||
| No | 3179 | 29·10 | 0·154 | |
| Yes | 3360 | 30·71 | ||
| Exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months | ||||
| No | 5319 | 32·88 | <0·001 | |
| Yes | 1220 | 17·05 | ||
| Diarrhoea within 3 months | ||||
| No | 5923 | 29·43 | 0·006 | |
| Yes | 616 | 34·74 | ||
| Maternal characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| <20 | 1055 | 28·06 | 0·111 | |
| 20–29 | 4147 | 29·76 | ||
| ≥30 | 1337 | 31·94 | ||
| Education | ||||
| No education | 888 | 38·74 | <0·001 | |
| Grade 1–4 | 1109 | 34·99 | ||
| Grade 5–9 | 3605 | 28·27 | ||
| Grade 10 or more | 937 | 21·99 | ||
| Occupation | ||||
| Housewife | 6175 | 29·89 | 0·808 | |
| Working outside | 364 | 30·49 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| <18·5 | 1348 | 35·53 | <0·001 | |
| 18·5–24·9 | 4102 | 29·28 | ||
| 25·0–29·9 | 944 | 25·42 | ||
| ≥30·0 | 145 | 25·52 | ||
| Age at first pregnancy (years) | ||||
| <20 | 4873 | 30·70 | 0·020 | |
| ≥20 | 1666 | 27·67 | ||
| Vitamin A supplementation | ||||
| No | 3208 | 31·14 | 0·036 | |
| Yes | 3331 | 28·76 | ||
| Fe supplementation | ||||
| No | 1591 | 33·69 | <0·001 | |
| Yes | 4948 | 28·72 | ||
| Using soap before eating | ||||
| No | 5223 | 30·75 | 0·003 | |
| Yes | 1316 | 26·67 | ||
| Using soap after defecation | ||||
| No | 1530 | 33·73 | <0·001 | |
| Yes | 5009 | 28·77 | ||
| Household characteristics | ||||
| Division | ||||
| Barisal | 453 | 26·05 | <0·001 | |
| Chittagong | 746 | 29·49 | ||
| Dhaka | 2435 | 31·62 | ||
| Khulna | 859 | 24·45 | ||
| Rajshahi | 745 | 26·85 | ||
| Rangpur | 801 | 28·96 | ||
| Sylhet | 500 | 41·40 | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Rural | 5679 | 29·57 | 0·099 | |
| Urban slum | 860 | 32·33 | ||
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Lowest | 1323 | 33·18 | <0·001 | |
| Low | 1297 | 34·77 | ||
| Middle | 1268 | 28·79 | ||
| High | 1322 | 28·06 | ||
| Highest | 1329 | 24·91 | ||
| Household size | ||||
| ≤4 | 2482 | 29·65 | 0·704 | |
| >4 | 4057 | 30·10 | ||
| Food security status | ||||
| Insecure | 1673 | 34·91 | <0·001 | |
| Secure | 4866 | 28·22 | ||
| Drinking-water safe | ||||
| No | 6049 | 30·07 | 0·375 | |
| Yes | 490 | 28·16 | ||
| Type of latrine | ||||
| Unimproved | 5067 | 31·42 | <0·001 | |
| Improved | 1472 | 24·80 | ||
| Toilet hygiene condition | ||||
| Unhygienic | 5155 | 31·79 | <0·001 | |
| Hygienic | 1384 | 22·98 | ||
| n | 6539 | 29·93 | ||