Table 3.
Association of child, maternal and household characteristics with childhood stunting in Bangladeshi children under 2 years old (n 6539), October 2015–January 2016
| Crude | Adjusted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | RR | 95 % CI | P value | RR | 95 % CI | P value |
| Child characteristics | ||||||
| Age (months) | ||||||
| 0–5 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 6–11 | 1·40 | 1·18, 1·64 | <0·001 | 1·34 | 1·11, 1·62 | 0·003 |
| 12–23 | 2·77 | 2·37, 3·23 | <0·001 | 2·65 | 2·20, 3·20 | <0·001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Male | 1·20 | 1·11, 1·30 | <0·001 | 1·21 | 1·12, 1·30 | <0·001 |
| Birth order | ||||||
| 1–2 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 3–4 | 1·02 | 0·94, 1·12 | 0·593 | 0·94 | 0·85, 1·03 | 0·195 |
| ≥5 | 1·19 | 1·02, 1·39 | 0·029 | 0·96 | 0·81, 1·14 | 0·624 |
| Birth weight (kg) | ||||||
| ≥2·5 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| <2·5 | 1·51 | 1·35, 1·69 | <0·001 | 1·51 | 1·35, 1·68 | <0·001 |
| Breast-feeding immediately after birth | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·96 | 0·87, 1·07 | 0·454 | 1·05 | 0·95, 1·16 | 0·337 |
| Prelacteal feeding | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1·02 | 0·95, 1·10 | 0·524 | 1·03 | 0·96, 1·11 | 0·458 |
| Exclusive breast-feeding up to 6 months | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·51 | 0·44, 0·59 | <0·001 | 0·96 | 0·81, 1·15 | 0·664 |
| Diarrhoea within 3 months | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 1·15 | 1·03, 1·28 | 0·011 | 1·02 | 0·92, 1·14 | 0·662 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <20 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 20–29 | 0·94 | 0·84, 1·06 | 0·338 | 0·97 | 0·86, 1·10 | 0·622 |
| ≥30 | 1·05 | 0·96, 1·15 | 0·279 | 1·05 | 0·94, 1·17 | 0·413 |
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Grade 1–4 | 0·93 | 0·83, 1·04 | 0·221 | 0·99 | 0·88, 1·10 | 0·798 |
| Grade 5–9 | 0·76 | 0·69, 0·84 | <0·001 | 0·88 | 0·80, 0·97 | 0·009 |
| Grade 10 or more | 0·61 | 0·52, 0·70 | <0·001 | 0·78 | 0·67, 0·92 | 0·003 |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Housewife | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Working outside | 1·02 | 0·89, 1·18 | 0·755 | 1·00 | 0·87, 1·16 | 0·966 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| <18·5 | 1·19 | 1·10, 1·30 | <0·001 | 1·11 | 1·02, 1·20 | 0·011 |
| 18·5–24·9 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| 25·0–29·9 | 0·89 | 0·79, 1·02 | 0·090 | 0·96 | 0·85, 1·09 | 0·541 |
| ≥30·0 | 0·91 | 0·69, 1·18 | 0·472 | 1·02 | 0·78, 1·32 | 0·909 |
| Age at first pregnancy (years) | ||||||
| ≥20 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| <20 | 1·13 | 1·03, 1·24 | 0·012 | 1·09 | 0·99, 1·19 | 0·097 |
| Vitamin A supplementation | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·94 | 0·87, 1·02 | 0·165 | 1·01 | 0·93, 1·09 | 0·857 |
| Fe supplementation | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·86 | 0·80, 0·94 | <0·001 | 0·96 | 0·89, 1·04 | 0·343 |
| Using soap before eating | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·86 | 0·78, 0·96 | 0·005 | 0·95 | 0·86, 1·06 | 0·366 |
| Using soap after defecation | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·87 | 0·81, 0·94 | 0·001 | 1·01 | 0·93, 1·09 | 0·883 |
| Household characteristics | ||||||
| Division | ||||||
| Barisal | 0·84 | 0·69, 1·04 | 0·108 | 0·89 | 0·74, 1·07 | 0·217 |
| Chittagong | 0·94 | 0·81, 1·08 | 0·384 | 0·98 | 0·84, 1·14 | 0·779 |
| Dhaka | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Khulna | 0·78 | 0·65, 0·93 | 0·007 | 0·84 | 0·72, 0·99 | 0·038 |
| Rajshahi | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·03 | 0·116 | 0·93 | 0·79, 1·10 | 0·404 |
| Rangpur | 0·93 | 0·78, 1·11 | 0·411 | 0·97 | 0·83, 1·13 | 0·708 |
| Sylhet | 1·34 | 1·07, 1·68 | 0·011 | 1·35 | 1·12, 1·64 | 0·002 |
| Place of residence | ||||||
| Rural | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Urban slum | 1·09 | 0·91, 1·30 | 0·345 | 1·19 | 1·00, 1·41 | 0·048 |
| Wealth quintile | ||||||
| Lowest | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Low | 1·02 | 0·91, 1·13 | 0·748 | 1·03 | 0·93, 1·15 | 0·546 |
| Middle | 0·85 | 0·76, 0·94 | 0·002 | 0·90 | 0·81, 1·01 | 0·063 |
| High | 0·83 | 0·73, 0·94 | 0·003 | 0·93 | 0·82, 1·05 | 0·231 |
| Highest | 0·68 | 0·59, 0·79 | <0·001 | 0·84 | 0·72, 0·98 | 0·030 |
| Household size | ||||||
| ≤4 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| >4 | 0·98 | 0·90, 1·06 | 0·593 | 1·03 | 0·95, 1·13 | 0·436 |
| Food security status | ||||||
| Insecure | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Secure | 0·81 | 0·74, 0·88 | <0·001 | 0·93 | 0·85, 1·00 | 0·064 |
| Drinking-water safe | ||||||
| No | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Yes | 0·86 | 0·73, 1·02 | 0·081 | 1·03 | 0·88, 1·21 | 0·729 |
| Type of latrine | ||||||
| Unimproved | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Improved | 0·76 | 0·69, 0·84 | <0·001 | 0·88 | 0·79, 0·98 | 0·025 |
| Toilet hygiene condition | ||||||
| Unhygienic | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – |
| Hygienic | 0·74 | 0·66, 0·82 | <0·001 | 0·90 | 0·79, 1·02 | 0·086 |
RR, risk ratio; Ref., reference category.