Table 2.
Dietary intake of women† participating in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) before (2005–2008; ‘pre-revision’) and after (2011–2014; ‘post-revision’) the comprehensive WIC food package revisions
| Nutrient/food category | Pre-revision (n 537) | Post-revision (n 488) | P value (significance) | Recommended amount | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | |||
| Nutrients to increase‡ | Guideline (per d)‡‡ | |||||
| Ca (mg) | 881 | 27 | 935 | 35 | 0·157 | 1000 (RDA) |
| Fe (mg) | 14·4 | 0·5 | 14·1 | 0·5 | 0·642 | 18 (RDA) |
| Folate (µg) | 351 | 15 | 380 | 13 | 0·112 | 400 (RDA) |
| Fibre (g) | 14·6 | 0·6 | 16·4 | 0·7 | 0·013* | 28/25·2 (DGA) |
| K (mg) | 2303 | 54 | 2402 | 55 | 0·145 | 4700 (AI) |
| Nutrients to limit‡ | ||||||
| Added sugars (tsp-equiv.) | 21·1 | 0·8 | 17·8 | 1·6 | 0·068 | <10 % energy§§ |
| Saturated fat (% energy)§ | 10·9 | 0·2 | 10·9 | 0·2 | 0·956 | <10 % energy |
| Na (mg) | 3096 | 58 | 3342 | 63 | 0·002** | 2300 (UL) |
| Priority food groups║ | DGA recommendation║║ | |||||
| Whole fruit (cup-equiv.) | 0·54 | 0·06 | 0·49 | 0·07 | 0·547 | 0·1–0·3 |
| Total fruit (cup-equiv.) | 0·91 | 0·10 | 1·00 | 0·16 | 0·672 | 2·0 |
| Total vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 1·36 | 0·10 | 1·45 | 0·09 | 0·375 | 3·5 |
| Dark green vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 0·05 | 0·01 | 0·09 | 0·03 | 0·208 | 0·4 |
| Total red and orange vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 0·44 | 0·04 | 0·48 | 0·06 | 0·491 | 1·0 |
| Total starchy vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 0·37 | 0·03 | 0·40 | 0·04 | 0·609 | 1·0 |
| Legumes computed as vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 0·14 | 0·03 | 0·18 | 0·06 | 0·438 | 0·4 |
| Other vegetables (cup-equiv.) | 0·50 | 0·06 | 0·50 | 0·04 | 0·954 | 0·8 |
| Nuts and seeds (oz-equiv.) | 0·30 | 0·06 | 0·44 | 0·16 | 0·329 | 0·7 |
| Seafood (oz-equiv.)¶ | 0·08 | 0·04 | 0·12 | 0·05 | 0·439 | 1·4 |
| Total protein foods (oz-equiv.)†† | 5·17 | 0·21 | 4·83 | 0·28 | 0·290 | 6·5 |
| Whole grains (oz-equiv.) | 0·62 | 0·08 | 0·89 | 0·19 | 0·087 | 4·5 |
| Total grains (oz-equiv.) | 6·28 | 0·17 | 6·66 | 0·22 | 0·133 | 9·0 |
| Total dairy (cup-equiv.) | 1·53 | 0·08 | 1·69 | 0·18 | 0·334 | 3·0 |
tsp-equiv., teaspoon-equivalents; % energy, percentage of total energy intake; cup-equiv., cup-equivalents; oz-equiv., ounce-equivalents; DGA, Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020; AI, Adequate Intake level; UL, Upper Intake level; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NASEM, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
Least-square means from linear regression models are presented with se, representing population dietary intake. Models are adjusted for energy (total kilojoules), age, race/ethnicity, income (income to poverty ratio) and household size.
P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001.
Adult females aged 19–50 years living in households receiving WIC benefits at the time of NHANES interview.
Derived from the NASEM report in review of the WIC food package(3).
As this variable is a percentage of total energy intake, the presented mean is not energy-adjusted.
Food group priorities for future WIC food packages(3).
Seafood (finfish, shellfish and other seafood) high in n-3 fatty acids.
Total meat, poultry, seafood, organ meats, cured meats, eggs, soya, nuts and seeds; excludes legumes.
Reported for women aged 19–30 years and 31–50 years. Recommendations that vary by age reported as 19–30 years/31–50 years. Recommendations represent daily nutrition goals from DGA 2015–2020(21). Source of goal noted in parentheses.
This recommendation is approximately equivalent to <6 tsp added sugars/d.
For pregnant and breast-feeding women based on a 10 878 kJ (2600 kcal) food pattern, derived from the NASEM report(3). DGA recommendations made on a per week basis have been converted to a per day basis in order to promote comparability between results and dietary recommendations.