Table 4.
OR for likelihood of being at risk of malnutrition or malnourished according to demographic and socio-economic characteristics, appetite, eating-related difficulties and psychosocial variables among nursing home residents aged 65 years or over without cognitive impairment (n 522) in Portugal, October 2015–April 2016†,‡,§
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Men | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Women | 1·74* | 1·05, 2·90 | 1·45 | 0·86, 2·44 | 1·17 | 0·67, 2·06 |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <75 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| 75–84 | 0·95 | 0·43, 2·13 | 0·85 | 0·33, 2·19 | 0·88 | 0·30, 2·60 |
| ≥85 | 1·55 | 0·68, 3·58 | 1·33 | 0·51, 3·46 | 0·95 | 0·34, 2·65 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married or living together | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Single | 1·49 | 0·58, 3·84 | 1·22 | 0·45, 3·32 | 1·62 | 0·62, 4·24 |
| Divorced or widowed | 2·04 | 0·93, 4·48 | 1·60 | 0·77, 3·34 | 1·77 | 0·79, 3·98 |
| Education (years)║ | ||||||
| <5 | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| ≥5 | 0·62 | 0·29, 1·35 | 0·62 | 0·27, 1·41 | 0·60 | 0·25, 1·46 |
| Financial situation | ||||||
| Very comfortable or comfortable | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Enough for my needs | 1·23 | 0·47, 3·19 | 1·16 | 0·43, 3·14 | 1·28 | 0·40, 4·06 |
| Hard or very hard | 3·16* | 1·36, 7·38 | 2·84* | 1·14, 7·08 | 2·52 | 0·83, 7·64 |
| Appetite | ||||||
| 1 (‘no appetite’) or 2 | 7·80* | 3·35, 18·16 | 7·79* | 3·54, 17·14 | 6·46* | 2·72, 15·34 |
| 3 | 2·41* | 1·26, 4·61 | 2·65* | 1·38, 5·09 | 2·61* | 1·23, 5·53 |
| 4 or 5 (‘lots of appetite’) | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Eating difficulties due to oral health problems | ||||||
| Few or none | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Some | 1·77 | 0·99, 3·18 | 1·42 | 0·77, 2·64 | 1·16 | 0·57, 2·34 |
| Many | 2·17* | 1·16, 4·06 | 1·64 | 0·90, 2·99 | 1·21 | 0·59, 2·48 |
| Symptoms of depression | ||||||
| Absence | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Presence | 4·05* | 2·48, 6·62 | 3·33* | 2·03, 5·48 | 2·56* | 1·55, 4·23 |
| Functional status (IADL) | ||||||
| Independent | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Dependent | 6·92* | 3·15, 15·20 | 5·63* | 2·54, 12·45 | 4·70* | 1·98, 11·11 |
| Loneliness feelings | ||||||
| Absence | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. |
| Presence | 2·14* | 1·25, 3·66 | 1·91* | 1·12, 3·26 | 1·33 | 0·74, 2·37 |
IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.
*P<0·05.
OR were estimated using a logistic regression model using complex sample analysis (for model 3, Nagelkerke pseudo R 2=0·302).
Model 1, crude OR; model 2, adjusted for sex, age and financial situation; model 3, adjusted for variables in model 2 plus appetite, eating difficulties due to oral health problems, symptoms of depression, functional status and loneliness feelings.
Participants with missing values for any of the independent variables were excluded from the model (n 55).
Not adjusted for financial situation.