Table 4.
Perceived difficulty of low or no meat intake, diet quality and weight, according to self-reported diet styles and gender, of a sample of Swiss adults; Swiss Food Panel 2.0 (survey 2017)
| Vegetarians & vegans | Pescatarians | Self-declared low-meat consumers | Self-declared regular meat consumers | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean or % | sd | Mean or % | sd | Mean or % | sd | Mean or % | sd |
F
(df1,df2) or 
|
|
| Males | n 41 | n 36 | n 519 | n 1620 | |||||
| Age (years) | 54·1 | 17·7 | 64·6 | 14·3 | 59·6 | 16·1 | 58·2 | 16·1 | F (3,2212) = 3·67 |
| Diet quality† | 2·84a | 1·10 | 2·32a,b | 1·16 | 1·73b | 1·03 | 1·26c | 0·85 | F (3,2046) = 74·80*** |
| % Meeting the dietary recommendations for meat intake‡ | 79·2 | – | 54·8 | – | 19·5 | – | 3·6 | – |
= 462·86*** |
| Perceived difficulty | 1·39a | 0·79 | 2·19a,b | 1·73 | 2·47b | 1·51 | – | – | F (2,567) = 9·63*** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25·1a,b | 4·1 | 25·9a,b | 4·3 | 24·9a | 3·4 | 26·1b | 3·9 | F (3,2191) = 12·73*** |
| % Overweight (BMI = 25·0–29·99 kg/m2) | 30·0 | – | 20·0 | – | 36·6 | – | 44·0 | – |
 = 17·84*** |
| % Obese (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) | 12·5 | – | 22·9 | – | 5·8 | – | 12·8 | – |
 = 23·73*** |
| Females | n 134 | n 91 | n 777 | n 995 | |||||
| Age (years) | 47·7a | 17·7 | 52·4a,b | 15·8 | 54·1b | 15·5 | 50·6c | 17·0 | F (3,1993) = 9·60*** |
| Diet quality† | 3·49a | 1·11 | 3·22a | 1·20 | 2·33b | 1·12 | 1·77c | 1·05 | F (3,1831) = 133·31*** |
| % Meeting the dietary recommendations for meat intake‡ | 96·9 | – | 78·7 | – | 30·8 | – | 7·0 | – |
 = 728·03*** |
| Perceived difficulty§ | 1·36a | 0·96 | 1·73a,b | 1·39 | 2·02b | 1·28 | – | – | F (2,971) = 16·87*** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21·7a | 2·9 | 22·1a | 3·3 | 23·4b | 4·1 | 24·2c | 4·7 | F (3,1965) = 19·68*** |
| % Overweight (BMI = 25·0–29·99 kg/m2) | 10·8 | – | 14·4 | – | 17·8 | – | 20·9 | – |
= 10·09* |
| % Obese (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) | 2·3 | – | 2·2 | – | 6·9 | – | 10·9 | – |
= 20·76*** |
n per group varies due to missing values.
One-way ANOVA and χ 2 tests were used to investigate differences between the groups.
a,b,cMean values within rows with unlike superscript letters were significantly different according to the Games–Howell post hoc test (P ≤ 0·01).
**P < 0·01, ***P ≤ 0·001.
Diet quality index based on recommendations of the Swiss Society for Nutrition(15).
Percentage of individuals per group who did not eat more than the maximum recommended amount of three portions of meat per week (Swiss Society for Nutrition(15)). Based on self-reported meat consumption on the FFQ.
Perceived difficulty of practising a diet with little or no meat.