Table 1.
Maternal and child characteristics of participants included and excluded in the FFQ validation analysis of the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study
| Validation sample (n 188) | Main cohort (n 907) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | Mean | sd | % | Mean | sd | P value† | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||
| Education‡ | |||||||
| Secondary or lower | 28·7 | – | – | 28·8 | – | – | 0·987 |
| Tertiary | 70·7 | – | – | 69·6 | – | – | |
| Marital status‡ | |||||||
| Married | 95·7 | – | – | 94·4 | – | – | 0·284 |
| Single or divorced | 1·6 | – | – | 3·4 | – | – | |
| Monthly household income (SGD)‡ | |||||||
| 0–1999 | 13·3 | – | – | 14·4 | – | – | 0·117 |
| 2000–5999 | 58·5 | – | – | 49·8 | – | – | |
| >5999 | 22·9 | – | – | 28·8 | – | – | |
| Ethnicity | |||||||
| Chinese | 54·8 | – | – | 56·8 | – | – | 0·813 |
| Malay | 27·1 | – | – | 24·9 | – | – | |
| Indian | 18·1 | – | – | 18·3 | – | – | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)‡ | |||||||
| Underweight (<18·5) | 6·9 | 17·2 | 0·8 | 7·2 | 17·5 | 0·9 | 0·347 |
| Normal (18·5–22·9) | 37·8 | 20·3 | 1·1 | 32·0 | 20·7 | 1·3 | 0·013* |
| Overweight (23·0–27·4) | 23·9 | 24·6 | 1·2 | 15·4 | 24·9 | 1·3 | 0·261 |
| Obese (≥27·5) | 13·3 | 30·8 | 3·0 | 8·5 | 30·7 | 3·0 | 0·871 |
| Validation sample (n 188) | Main cohort (n 915) | ||||||
| % | Mean | sd | % | Mean | sd | P value† | |
| Child characteristics | |||||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 45·2 | – | – | 54·1 | – | – | 0·032* |
| Female | 54·8 | – | – | 45·9 | – | – | |
| Birth order | |||||||
| First child | 43·1 | – | – | 45·9 | – | – | 0·531 |
| Second child or above | 56·9 | – | – | 54·1 | – | – | |
| Gestation age at delivery | |||||||
| Preterm | 5·9 | – | – | 6·8 | – | – | 0·718 |
| Full term | 94·1 | – | – | 92·3 | – | – | |
| Anthropometric measurement‡ | |||||||
| BMI Z-score | 84·0 | −0·1 | 1·0 | 68·1 | −0·1 | 1·3 | 0·641 |
*
P<0·05.
†
P values across both groups were determined with the use of the t test for continuous variables and χ 2 analysis for categorical variables.
‡
Missing values for validation sample: n 187 for ‘Education’, n 183 for ‘Marital status’, n 178 for ‘Monthly household income’, n 154 for ‘Pre-pregnancy BMI’ and n 158 for ‘Anthropometric measurement’. Missing values for main cohort: n 892 for ‘Education’, n 887 for ‘Marital status’, n 884 for ‘Monthly household income’, n 572 for ‘Pre-pregnancy BMI’ and n 899 for ‘Anthropometric measurement’.