Table 4.
Impact of Camp NERF intervention on outcomes of school-aged children (kindergarten–5th grade) from low-income urban neighbourhoods, Columbus, OH, USA, June–August 2015
| B0 (Mean) | se | T1 (Mean) | se | Δ Mean | se | β | se | P value | 95 % CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food preferences | ||||||||||
| Liked vegetable (0–20) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 13·24 | 0·88 | 13·55 | 1·05 | 0·45 | 0·73 | 0·72 | 0·91 | 0·43 | −1·07, 2·41 |
| Standard Care | 12·07 | 0·75 | 10·50 | 0·77 | −1·50 | 0·20 | 0·13 | 0·97 | 0·89 | −1·77, 2·03 |
| Enhanced Care | 12·19 | 0·73 | 11·82 | 0·69 | −0·38 | 0·58 | – | – | – | – |
| Liked fruit (0–20) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 16·85 | 0·62 | 17·30 | 0·52 | 0·55 | 0·41 | 1·10 | 0·96 | 0·25 | −0·78, 2·99 |
| Standard Care | 16·21 | 0·55 | 14·65 | 0·65 | −1·57 ** | 0·41 | −1·26 | 1·03 | 0·22 | −3·28, 0·75 |
| Enhanced Care | 16·69 | 0·51 | 16·27 | 0·55 | −0·50 | 0·74 | – | – | – | – |
| Liked vegetable & fruit (0–40) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 30·09 | 1·19 | 30·85 | 1·31 | 1·00 | 0·85 | 1·77 | 1·51 | 0·24 | −1·18, 4·73 |
| Standard Care | 28·28 | 1·13 | 25·15 | 1·33 | −3·08 ** | 0·77 | −0·77 | 1·60 | 0·63 | −3·90, 2·36 |
| Enhanced Care | 28·89 | 1·13 | 28·09 | 1·07 | −0·88 | 1·16 | – | – | – | – |
| Snack preference (0–8) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 4·14 | 0·47 | 4·45 | 0·48 | 0·45 | 0·43 | 0·30 | 0·55 | 0·60 | −0·79, 1·38 |
| Standard Care | 4·39 | 0·38 | 5·12 | 0·39 | 0·77 * | 0·30 | 0·99 | 0·56 | 0·08 | −0·11, 2·08 |
| Enhanced Care | 5·13 | 0·38 | 5·88 | 0·32 | 0·67 * | 0·32 | – | – | – | – |
| Dietary intake | ||||||||||
| Total energy† (kcal/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 1693·75 | 180·90 | 1596·98 | 136·86 | −102·79 | 220·60 | 150·74 | 335·08 | 0·65 | −506·36, 807·85 |
| Standard Care | 1964·32 | 148·73 | 1783·72 | 146·94 | −170·54 | 151·64 | 133·59 | 338·69 | 0·69 | −530·58, 797·76 |
| Enhanced Care | 1749·05 | 134·49 | 1567·98 | 141·16 | −161·51 | 218·15 | – | – | – | – |
| Total vegetable (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 1·60 | 0·46 | 1·54 | 0·29 | 0·04 | 0·57 | 0·56 | 0·99 | 0·57 | −1·38, 2·50 |
| Standard Care | 1·38 | 0·28 | 1·87 | 0·30 | 0·48 | 0·38 | 0·83 | 0·98 | 0·40 | −1·09, 2·76 |
| Enhanced Care | 2·41 | 0·37 | 1·66 | 0·38 | −0·60 | 0·66 | – | – | – | – |
| Whole fruit (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 0·81 | 0·27 | 0·65 | 0·15 | −0·14 | 0·29 | 0·63 | 0·49 | 0·20 | −0·34, 1·60 |
| Standard Care | 0·94 | 0·27 | 0·97 | 0·30 | 0·39 | 0·36 | 0·70 | 0·53 | 0·18 | −0·33, 1·73 |
| Enhanced Care | 0·75 | 0·20 | 0·38 | 0·15 | −0·27 | 0·27 | – | – | – | – |
| Fruit juice (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 1·42 | 0·28 | 1·51 | 0·36 | 0·10 | 0·41 | 0·10 | 0·70 | 0·89 | −1·27, 1·46 |
| Standard Care | 1·85 | 0·42 | 1·25 | 0·26 | −0·82 | 0·45 | −0·47 | 0·72 | 0·51 | −1·88, 0·94 |
| Enhanced Care | 1·49 | 0·33 | 1·08 | 0·25 | −0·46 | 0·38 | – | – | – | – |
| Total fruit (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 2·24 | 0·39 | 2·16 | 0·46 | −0·04 | 0·42 | 0·30 | 0·86 | 0·43 | −0·98, 2·30 |
| Standard Care | 2·80 | 0·47 | 2·23 | 0·39 | −0·42 | 0·53 | 0·66 | 0·83 | 0·73 | −1·38, 1·97 |
| Enhanced Care | 2·24 | 0·41 | 1·46 | 0·29 | −0·73 | 0·53 | – | – | – | – |
| Total vegetable and fruit (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 3·84 | 0·66 | 3·71 | 0·50 | 0·00 | 0·65 | 1·23 | 1·36 | 0·37 | −1·44, 3·91 |
| Standard Care | 4·18 | 0·52 | 4·10 | 0·52 | 0·05 | 0·72 | 1·17 | 1·38 | 0·40 | −1·53, 3·88 |
| Enhanced Care | 4·65 | 0·54 | 3·12 | 0·55 | −1·34 | 0·95 | – | – | – | – |
| Sugar-sweetened beverage (servings/d) | ||||||||||
| Active Control | 0·44 | 0·19 | 1·10 | 0·33 | 0·63 | 0·37 | 0·19 | 0·60 | 0·76 | −0·99, 1·36 |
| Standard Care | 0·99 | 0·24 | 1·09 | 0·29 | −0·01 | 0·39 | −0·51 | 0·61 | 0·41 | −1·71, 0·69 |
| Enhanced Care | 0·49 | 0·15 | 0·83 | 0·22 | 0·31 | 0·32 | – | – | – | – |
B0, baseline; T1, post-intervention.
Reference group = Enhanced Care.
Predictor variables: site type (multinomial variable; 0 = Enhanced Care, 1 = Standard Care, 2 = Active Control); income (dichotomous variable; 0 = low-income, 1 = non-low-income); race/ethnicity (dichotomous variable; 0 = Black, 1 = non-Black); baseline sufficient moderate physical activity (dichotomous variable; 0 = not sufficient, 1 = sufficient); baseline sufficient vigorous physical activity (dichotomous variable; 0 = not sufficient, 1 = sufficient); baseline insufficient physical activity (dichotomous variable; 0 = sufficient, 1 = insufficient); baseline BMI Z-score (continuous variable; −∞ to +∞).
Within-group difference:
P <0·05
P <0·01.
To convert to kJ, multiply kcal values by 4·184.