Table 3.
Associations* between the contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake and sociodemographic characteristics in the Mexican population (n 10 087), 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT 2012)
| Ultra-processed foods (% of energy) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | β | 95 % CI |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 0·0 | Reference |
| Female | 0·5 | −0·9, 1·9 |
| Age group† | ||
| Pre-school-aged children | 0·0 | Reference |
| School-aged children | −3·8 | −5·4, −2·2 |
| Adolescents | −3·0 | −4·9, −1·1 |
| Adults | −12·5 | −14·1, −10·9 |
| Residence area‡ | ||
| Rural | 0·0 | Reference |
| Urban | 5·6 | 4·2, 7·0 |
| Region§ | ||
| South | 0·0 | Reference |
| Central | 2·7 | 1·2, 4·1 |
| North | 8·4 | 6·6, 10·1 |
| Socio-economic status║ | ||
| Low | 0·0 | Reference |
| Medium | 4·5 | 2·8, 6·2 |
| High | 4·5 | 2·5, 6·5 |
| Head of household educational level | ||
| Without education | 0·0 | Reference |
| Elementary education | 1·9 | −0·5, 4·3 |
| Middle school education | 3·4 | 0·8, 6·1 |
| High school education | 4·3 | 1·1, 7·4 |
| College graduate education | 7·8 | 4·3, 11·4 |
| Constant | 25·2 | 22·5, 27·8 |
Performed with a multiple linear regression model that includes all variables in the table.
Pre-school-aged children: aged <5 years; school-aged children: aged 5–11 years; adolescents: aged 12–19 years; adults: aged ≥20 years.
Rural: <2500 inhabitants; urban: ≥2500 inhabitants.
South states: Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Yucatán; Central states: Aguascalientes, Colima, Estado de México, Mexico City, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa and Zacatecas; North states: Baja California, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Nuevo León, Sonora and Tamaulipas.
Tertiles of an index based on household characteristics and basic goods and services.