. 2017 Oct 30;21(2):273–287. doi: 10.1017/S1368980017002786

Table 2.

Summary of messages and behaviours of focus from studies included in the current systematic review of mass media and nutrition education interventions in low- and middle-income countries

Study, setting	Behaviours of focus/messages
White et al. (2016)⁽²⁸⁾ Indonesia	(i) Improved dietary diversity of complementary food. (ii) The reduction in unhealthy snacks through the promotion of healthy alternatives. (iii) Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months.
Flax et al. (2014)⁽²⁹⁾ Nigeria	(i) Breast-feed babies as soon as they are born – within the first hour. (ii) Breast-feeding the baby as soon as it is born helps the mother’s breasts make enough milk for the baby and makes the mother’s womb contract to stop her from bleeding. (iii) Breast-feed babies within 1 h of birth to make sure they get the first ‘yellow milk’ or colostrum. (iv) A baby does not need any other food, drinks or water before or after the colostrum. Colostrum contains all the nutrition a new baby needs and helps keep the baby from getting sick. (v) Give only breast milk until the baby is 6 months old. No other foods or drinks, not even water, are necessary. (vi) Breast-feed the baby often, during the day and night, whenever the baby wants. (vii) Allow the baby to empty one breast before offering the other breast. (viii) To breast-feed better, hold the baby’s head and body in a straight line and support the baby’s head with your hand or arm. (ix) To breast-feed better, make sure your baby gets a good mouthful of breast. The baby’s mouth should be wide open and the lips turned out. The lower lip should be curled back and the baby’s chin should be touching the mother’s breast. (x) Begin feeding your baby soft, thick, mushy foods at 6 months, while continuing to breast-feed for up to 2 years and beyond. (xi) If you are HIV+ or think you may be HIV+, consult a health worker for advice about breast-feeding so you can avoid passing the disease to your baby through your breast milk.
Monterrosa et al. (2013)⁽³⁰⁾ Mexico	(i) Many think that breast milk after 6 months does not feed the baby, but this is not the case. Breast milk always has vitamins and special proteins that nourish your baby. In addition to feeding healthy foods beginning at 6 months, nourish your baby with your milk from birth to 2 years. (ii) Your baby’s stomach is small, like the size of this cup. If you feed your baby broth, you take up space in her stomach and you don’t nourish her well. Every day, prepare your baby thick foods so that she grows strong and healthy. A thick food is one that does not fall easily from the spoon (show the spoon with the food from the jar) and that you can prepare as (pap, mashed or chopped, specified according to the age of the child). (iii) To nourish your baby, cook one of these vegetables, like spinach, swiss chard, huauzontle pulp or purslane every day. These vegetables have vitamins that strengthen their development. Prepare vegetables as (pap, mashed or chopped, specified according to the age of the child). (iv) To prevent anaemia, starting at 6 months, it is important to feed your baby tastes of beef, chicken thigh or leg, and fish. A taste is like the size of your two thumbs together. As your baby grows older and eats more, you can give her a bigger portion. Many mothers are afraid that the baby may choke on the meat. So this does not happen, prepare these foods in pap until the baby is 1 year old and afterwards cut the foods into very small pieces. Every time you prepare beef, chicken thigh or leg, and fish for your family, save a small piece for your baby. If you give these foods very often you will prevent anaemia. It is very common for baby to reject or dislike vegetables and meats. But for your baby to learn to eat them, you must insist and give them until she accepts them. Be patient and offer them with love, without forcing your baby to eat them or reprimanding her. This way you help your baby be well nourished.
Bonvecchio et al. (2007)⁽³¹⁾ Mexico	(i) Prepare papilla (micronutrient supplement) with 4 tablespoons (59·2 ml) of the powder and 3 tablespoons (44·4 ml) of water. (ii) Give papilla to your child every day. (iii) Give papilla to your child between meals, specifically between breakfast and dinner (the comida, which is best translated as dinner, is the main family meal, which usually is eaten in early or mid-afternoon). (iv) Give papilla only to target children.
Mashreky et al. (2015)⁽³²⁾ Bangladesh	(i) Timing of breast-feeding initiation. (ii) Exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months. (iii) Misperception of ‘insufficient breast milk’. (iv) Quantity and frequency of complementary feeding. (v) Variety of foods particularly animal foods. (vi) Poor appetite. (vii) Father’s support.
Sun et al. (2011)⁽³³⁾ China	Caregivers were educated about infant and young child feeding (including use of a micronutrient supplement).
Nguyen et al. (2014)⁽³⁴⁾ Vietnam	(i) Exclusive breast-feeding promotion during the third trimester of pregnancy. (ii) Exclusive breast-feeding support at the time of delivery. (iii) Exclusive breast-feeding management during the first 6 months of life. (iv) Complementary feeding education during the ages of 4–5·9 months. (v) Complementary feeding management during the ages of 6–24 months.
Jiang et al. (2014)⁽³⁵⁾ China	(i) Preparation for breast-feeding, instructions for breast-feeding after vaginal delivery or caesarean delivery, tips for avoiding infant reflux. (ii) Rapid response to problems of breast-feeding initiation, specific guidance for women who had caesarean section delivery. (iii) Encouragement for exclusively breast-feeding and advice for not starting complementary foods during this period. For mothers who would return to work soon, encouragement and advice for continuing breast-feeding. For mothers who go back to work, how to adapt to their work environment and continue breast-feeding. For mothers who still breast-feed exclusively, continue to breast-feed exclusively until 6 months and prepare for starting solid foods at 6 months. Encouragement for continuing breast-feeding and adopting appropriate infant feeding practices.
Sarrassat et al. (2015)⁽ ³⁶ ⁾ Burkina Faso	(i) Exclusive breast-feeding in 0- to 5-month-olds. (ii) Complementary feeding in 6- to 11-month-olds. (iii) Growth monitoring in 0- to 23-month-olds.
Crookston et al. (2007)⁽³⁷⁾ Cambodia	Optimal infant feeding behaviours including early initiation of breast-feeding, frequent feeding, exclusive breast-feeding for 6 months, breast-feeding for at least 2 years, continued breast-feeding during childhood illnesses and the appropriate introduction of complementary foods.
Baker et al. (2006)⁽³⁸⁾ Bolivia and Madagascar	Timely initiation of breast-feeding and exclusive breast-feeding.
Findley et al. (2013)⁽³⁹⁾ Nigeria	Timely initiation of breast-feeding.
Khayyati and Mansouri (2009)⁽⁴⁰⁾ Pakistan	The importance of exclusive breast-feeding, the technique of breast-feeding, probable problems in breast-feeding and complementary nutrition of infants.
Kim et al. (2015)⁽⁴¹⁾ Pakistan	Early initiation of breast-feeding and giving colostrum to the newborn; exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months.
Seksaria and Sheth (2014)⁽ ⁴² ⁾ India	To promote breast-feeding and complementary feeding practices among women.
Zhou et al. (2016)⁽ ⁴⁴ ⁾ China	(i) Remember to give baby a vitamin packet! Vitamin packets can be added to porridge, vegetables, noodles, water, milk, juice or soup. (ii) Don’t forget to add a vitamin packet to baby’s food today, it can make your baby grow up to be taller and stronger! (iii) Remember to give baby a vitamin packet today! When you add the vitamin packet, make sure that the porridge, vegetables, noodles, water, milk, juice or soup isn’t too hot! (iv) A friendly reminder to add a vitamin packet to baby’s food today – it can make baby healthier and less likely to get sick! (v) It’s time for baby’s vitamin packet again! Don’t forget to add a vitamin packet to baby’s food today. (vi) Remember to add a vitamin packet to baby’s food today – it can make baby smarter and more active! (vii) Vitamin packet means balanced vitamins for baby – baby will be healthier when he eats it! A friendly reminder to mix a vitamin packet into baby’s soup or porridge.