Table 4.
Contribution (%) of each food group to the proportion of ultra-processed food (UPFp) in the diet of adults from the French NutriNet-Santé cohort (n 74 470)
| UPFp in the diet | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||||||
| <0·11 | 0·11–0·16 | 0·16–0·23 | ≥0·23 | ||||||
| Food group | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | P for trend |
| Fruits and vegetables | 12·7 | 14·4 | 14·5 | 12·9 | 14·7 | 12·4 | 11·8 | 10·8 | <0·0001 |
| Fruits | 4·3 | 9·9 | 4·2 | 7·9 | 4·0 | 7·0 | 3·0 | 5·5 | 0·001 |
| Vegetables | 8·4 | 11·3 | 10·3 | 10·7 | 10·8 | 10·5 | 8·8 | 9·0 | <0·0001 |
| Meat, fish and eggs | 7·4 | 10·6 | 6·2 | 6·9 | 5·5 | 5·7 | 4·8 | 4·6 | <0·0001 |
| Meat and poultry | 6·2 | 10·1 | 4·9 | 6·3 | 4·3 | 5·1 | 3·7 | 4·1 | <0·0001 |
| Fish and seafood | 1·0 | 3·4 | 1·0 | 2·8 | 1·0 | 2·4 | 0·8 | 1·9 | 0·46 |
| Eggs | 0·3 | 0·9 | 0·3 | 0·7 | 0·2 | 0·6 | 0·2 | 0·5 | <0·0001 |
| Processed meat | 6·6 | 10·3 | 5·1 | 7·2 | 4·3 | 5·9 | 3·3 | 4·6 | <0·0001 |
| Fats | 2·8 | 4·5 | 2·3 | 2·7 | 2·2 | 2·2 | 1·7 | 1·7 | <0·0001 |
| Sugary products | 27·9 | 20·6 | 24·4 | 16·7 | 22·0 | 14·9 | 18·8 | 13·1 | <0·0001 |
| Dried fruit | 0·1 | 1·1 | 0·1 | 0·8 | 0·1 | 0·5 | 0·0 | 0·4 | <0·0001 |
| Biscuits and cakes | 7·8 | 10·9 | 6·9 | 8·1 | 6·2 | 7·0 | 5·4 | 6·1 | <0·0001 |
| Confectionery, chocolate, dairy desserts and other sugary products | 20·0 | 18·2 | 17·4 | 14·6 | 15·7 | 12·9 | 13·3 | 11·2 | <0·0001 |
| Salty snacks | 2·3 | 4·8 | 2·0 | 3·5 | 1·8 | 3·0 | 1·6 | 2·5 | <0·0001 |
| Dairy products | 5·6 | 11·6 | 7·0 | 11·3 | 7·1 | 10·4 | 6·7 | 9·2 | <0·0001 |
| Cheese | 1·6 | 3·8 | 1·6 | 2·9 | 1·5 | 2·5 | 1·5 | 2·2 | <0·0001 |
| Milk | 0·5 | 3·2 | 0·7 | 3·2 | 0·8 | 3·6 | 1·0 | 4·1 | <0·0001 |
| Yoghurt and cottage cheese | 3·5 | 10·7 | 4·8 | 10·7 | 4·8 | 9·7 | 4·2 | 8·1 | <0·0001 |
| Starchy foods | 15·6 | 14·8 | 14·8 | 11·1 | 14·2 | 9·8 | 12·9 | 8·6 | <0·0001 |
| Whole grains | 2·8 | 7·0 | 1·9 | 4·5 | 1·6 | 3·8 | 1·3 | 3·1 | <0·0001 |
| Pasta, rice and bread | 7·0 | 10·4 | 7·0 | 8·5 | 6·8 | 7·5 | 6·3 | 6·5 | <0·0001 |
| Potatoes and tubers | 3·6 | 7·3 | 4·1 | 6·0 | 4·3 | 5·3 | 4·0 | 4·7 | <0·0001 |
| Breakfast cereals | 2·3 | 7·0 | 1·7 | 4·5 | 1·6 | 3·7 | 1·3 | 2·9 | <0·0001 |
| Beverages | 10·8 | 17·0 | 14·7 | 17·8 | 18·6 | 19·1 | 30·5 | 22·5 | <0·0001 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 3·5 | 8·5 | 3·2 | 7·3 | 2·8 | 6·4 | 2·2 | 5·9 | <0·0001 |
| Light sodas | 0·1 | 1·5 | 0·1 | 1·6 | 0·2 | 1·9 | 0·3 | 2·8 | <0·0001 |
| Tea, coffee and water | 2·8 | 10·0 | 3·6 | 10·8 | 4·5 | 12·2 | 6·5 | 15·3 | <0·0001 |
| Vegetable milk | 1·0 | 5·9 | 1·7 | 7·5 | 2·7 | 9·3 | 6·0 | 14·5 | <0·0001 |
| Soft drinks | 2·5 | 9·0 | 4·4 | 10·6 | 6·6 | 12·2 | 13·2 | 17·9 | <0·0001 |
| Fruit and vegetable juice | 1·0 | 5·9 | 1·6 | 6·6 | 2·0 | 6·7 | 2·2 | 6·6 | <0·0001 |
| Other | 8·2 | 10·1 | 9·0 | 9·9 | 9·5 | 9·9 | 8·0 | 8·7 | <0·0001 |
PNNS-GS, Programme National Nutrition Santé Guideline Score.
Percentages are adjusted for sex, age, educational level, income, marital status, smoking status, BMI classification, energy intake and PNNS-GS. P values for trend obtained with multivariable linear regression using quartiles as continuous variables.