Table 4.
Models exploring how the count of food retailers in participants’ activity spaces relates to personal and urban contexts when the 10 % KDE threshold is used. Beta coefficients are presented as incident rate ratios, with 90 % CI. The reference category for cities is Toronto
| Dependent variable | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grocery store count | F&V market count | Convenience store count | Limited-service restaurant count | All food retail count | ||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | ||||||
| RR | 90 % CI | RR | 90 % CI | RR | 90 % CI | RR | 90 % CI | RR | 90 % CI | |
| Food insecure | 1·315 | 0·976, 1·807 | 1·131 | 0·738, 1·761 | 1·156 | 0·882, 1·534 | 1·111 | 0·817, 1·546 | 1·210 | 0·919, 1·627 |
| Age | 1·039*** | 1·014, 1·065 | 1·052** | 1·016, 1·089 | 1·028** | 1·006, 1·051 | 1·041*** | 1·016, 1·067 | 1·045*** | 1·022, 1·069 |
| Sex (1=female) | 1·313*** | 1·110, 1·549 | 1·421** | 1·105, 1·826 | 1·193* | 1·025, 1·386 | 1·226** | 1·033, 1·451 | 1·294*** | 1·111, 1·505 |
| Self-reported health | 1·020 | 0·937, 1·110 | 1·027 | 0·907, 1·161 | 1·029 | 0·953, 1·112 | 1·016 | 0·932, 1·108 | 1·034 | 0·956, 1·118 |
| Employed | 1·034 | 0·873, 1·225 | 1·065 | 0·833, 1·361 | 1·081 | 0·928, 1·259 | 1·144 | 0·963, 1·359 | 1·052 | 0·901, 1·227 |
| More than HS education | 1·030 | 0·818, 1·288 | 0·838 | 0·600, 1·166 | 1·053 | 0·853, 1·296 | 1·185 | 0·937, 1·487 | 0·998 | 0·808, 1·225 |
| HH food shopper | 1·197 | 0·996, 1·436 | 1·187 | 0·906, 1·555 | 1·354*** | 1·146, 1·600 | 1·339** | 1·111, 1·612 | 1·266** | 1·072, 1·494 |
| Montreal | 0·511*** | 0·386, 0·680 | 1·372 | 0·962, 1·971 | 0·522*** | 0·412, 0·666 | 0·431*** | 0·325, 0·576 | 0·583*** | 0·454, 0·755 |
| Halifax | 0·529*** | 0·424, 0·661 | 0·200*** | 0·136, 0·292 | 0·297*** | 0·245, 0·361 | 0·448*** | 0·358, 0·562 | 0·404*** | 0·330, 0·495 |
| Edmonton | 0·424*** | 0·329, 0·549 | 0·137*** | 0·081, 0·222 | 0·194*** | 0·154, 0·245 | 0·391*** | 0·303, 0·508 | 0·296*** | 0·235, 0·375 |
| Vancouver | 1·389** | 1·114, 1·735 | 1·387* | 1·039, 1·855 | 0·141*** | 0·114, 0·174 | 0·606*** | 0·480, 0·765 | 0·743** | 0·605, 0·913 |
| Constant | 3·234*** | 1·869, 5·613 | 0·421* | 0·191, 0·927 | 6·134*** | 3·728, 10·110 | 6·292*** | 3·611, 11·013 | 11·448*** | 6·923, 18·998 |
| Observations | 456 | 456 | 456 | 456 | 456 | |||||
| Log likelihood | −1469·219 | −680·085 | −1334·814 | −1741·990 | −1987·896 | |||||
| θ | 1·153*** | 0·882*** | 1·559*** | 1·032*** | 1·257*** | |||||
| θ SE | 0·087 | 0·119 | 0·127 | 0·068 | 0·082 | |||||
| AIC | 2962·438 | 1384·170 | 2693·627 | 3507·981 | 3999·792 | |||||
KDE, kernel density estimate; RR, incident rate ratio; F&V, fruit and vegetable; HS, high school; HH, household; AIC, Akaike information criterion.
Participants were young urban adults (n 496) aged 16–30 years, a subset of respondents in the 2016 Canada Food Study (CFS).
*P<0·1, **P<0·05, ***P<0·01.