Table 2.
Daily nutrient intake, energy distribution and nutrient density of the male cohort by rural/urban residence in 2005 and 2010; PURE-NWP-SA study
| Rural men (n 186) | Urban men (n 202) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2010 | 2005 | 2010 | ||||||||
| Energy and nutrients | Median | P25–P75 | Median | P25–P75 | P value* | Median | P25–P75 | Median | P25–P75 | P value* | P value† |
| Energy (MJ) | 6·9 | 5·6–8·8 | 9·7 | 6·95–13·8 | <0·001 | 9·9 | 7·2–12·6 | 13·7 | 10·5–17·89 | <0·001 | 0·035 |
| Total protein (g) | 44·4 | 35·3–61·2 | 66·2 | 46·79–91·5 | <0·001 | 72·8 | 52·5–95·8 | 100·0 | 75·0–138·4 | <0·001 | 0·042 |
| Plant protein (g) | 30·4 | 22·2–39·7 | 33·8 | 24·4–51·5 | 0·008 | 36·9 | 27·6–47·3 | 43·5 | 32·9–63·5 | <0·001 | 0·087 |
| Animal protein (g) | 12·6 | 8·0–19·5 | 25·8 | 16·4–45·2 | <0·001 | 30·0 | 20·8–43·5 | 51·0 | 37·1–75·3 | <0·001 | 0·058 |
| Total fat (g) | 31·2 | 24·8–43·1 | 54·6 | 36·4–79·4 | <0·001 | 61·6 | 44·4–86·2 | 94·4 | 65·9–131·9 | <0·001 | 0·337 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 6·9 | 4·8–9·7 | 15·6 | 10·2–23·5 | <0·001 | 15·1 | 10·6–21·5 | 24·9 | 17·3–35·4 | <0·001 | 0·877 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 7·3 | 4·7–10·7 | 15·5 | 9·6–22·9 | <0·001 | 16·7 | 11·99–24·8 | 28·1 | 20·6–40·7 | <0·001 | 0·392 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 10·3 | 7·3–14·3 | 16·3 | 9·99–26·3 | <0·001 | 18·0 | 12·5–25·7 | 25·6 | 16·8–39·2 | <0·001 | 0·694 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 111 | 72–171 | 210 | 87–377 | <0·001 | 249 | 163–355 | 408 | 279–657 | <0·001 | 0·027 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 257·5 | 199·0–334·96 | 333·4 | 231·6–458·6 | <0·001 | 330·8 | 238·6–431·6 | 419·4 | 306·7–584·2 | <0·001 | 0·100 |
| Added sugar (g) | 23·9 | 14·27–33·06 | 45·3 | 23·9–82·5 | <0·001 | 34·7 | 20·9–56·1 | 59·3 | 36·5–99·7 | <0·001 | 0·365 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 18·5 | 14·2–25·2 | 20·6 | 14·2–31·1 | 0·003 | 27·3 | 17·5–35·4 | 31·4 | 23·1–43·1 | <0·001 | 0·066 |
| Ca (mg) | 229 | 156–345 | 339 | 192–552 | <0·001 | 397 | 292–573 | 596 | 432–800 | <0·001 | 0·073 |
| Fe (mg) | 12·2 | 9·1–15·9 | 16·0 | 11·4–23·1 | <0·001 | 16·0 | 11·2–21·9 | 22·2 | 16·2–30·1 | <0·001 | 0·012 |
| Mg (mg) | 297 | 214–452 | 402 | 285–81 | <0·001 | 389 | 288–539 | 493 | 369–745 | <0·001 | 0·208 |
| P (mg) | 847 | 646–1113 | 1206 | 839–1638 | <0·001 | 1107 | 856–1477·2 | 1642 | 1166–2229 | <0·001 | 0·011 |
| K (mg) | 1394 | 1089–1759 | 2441 | 1711–3243 | <0·001 | 2078 | 1526–2809 | 3326 | 2420–4378 | <0·001 | 0·267 |
| Zn (mg) | 8·6 | 6·7–11·3 | 13·3 | 9·5–20·2 | <0·001 | 12·5 | 9·0–17 | 18·4 | 14·1–26·5 | <0·001 | 0·038 |
| Cu (mg) | 1·1 | 0·8–1·5 | 1·4 | 0·9–1·9 | <0·001 | 1·5 | 1·1–1·9 | 1·9 | 1·4–2·6 | <0·001 | 0·019 |
| Mn (µg) | 1749 | 1110–3259 | 2061 | 1329–3124 | 0·690 | 2647 | 1899–3866 | 3132 | 2219–4188 | 0·008 | 0·156 |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 4267 | 274–712 | 941 | 535–1727 | <0·001 | 890 | 536–1447 | 1742 | 1042–2572 | <0·001 | 0·019 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1·6 | 1·2–2·1 | 1·9 | 1·3–2·8 | <0·001 | 1·9 | 1·3–2·7 | 2·5 | 1·8–3·7 | <0·001 | 0·030 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0·9 | 0·7–1·4 | 1·4 | 0·97–1·97 | <0·001 | 1·5 | 1·1–2·1 | 2·3 | 1·5–3·1 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Niacin (mg) | 12·2 | 9·4–17·6 | 24·1 | 17·0–34·8 | <0·001 | 18·5 | 14·0–25·1 | 34·4 | 25·2–49·7 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1·2 | 0·94–1·6 | 2·9 | 1·9–4·3 | <0·001 | 1·8 | 1·2–2·7 | 4·4 | 3·0–6·4 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Folate (µg) | 356·9 | 268·9–467·5 | 467·7 | 300·8–744·9 | <0·001 | 443·0 | 307·3–626·5 | 675·9 | 485·3–1022·8 | <0·001 | 0·003 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 1·8 | 0·9–2·95 | 2·73 | 1·3–5·5 | <0·001 | 4·8 | 2·4–7·7 | 6·4 | 3·8–11·9 | <0·001 | 0·136 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 2·9 | 2·2–4·1 | 4·6 | 3·1–6·5 | <0·001 | 4·9 | 3·6–6·6 | 8·61 | 6·2–11·4 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Biotin (µg) | 25·0 | 18·2–31·9 | 30·8 | 19·2–48·4 | <0·001 | 45·8 | 29·5–61·7 | 62·5 | 41·9–88·7 | <0·001 | 0·025 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 12 | 7–16 | 29 | 14–56 | <0·001 | 33 | 20–57 | 62 | 36–97 | <0·001 | 0·447 |
| Vitamin D (mg) | 1·7 | 0·9–2·7 | 2·4 | 0·96–5·1 | <0·001 | 3·2 | 1·98–4·8 | 5·0 | 2·8–8·2 | <0·001 | 0·040 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 8·4 | 5·2–11·9 | 11·9 | 6·1–19·6 | <0·001 | 12·4 | 8·3–17·4 | 16·0 | 10·9–24·2 | <0·001 | 0·742 |
| Alcohol (g) | 4·3 | 0–32 | 0·7 | 0–18·8 | 0·012 | 11·4 | 0–27·7 | 7·1 | 0–26·5 | 0·587 | 0·187 |
| Energy distribution | |||||||||||
| % of TE from protein | 10·6 | 9·8–11·6 | 11·3 | 9·5–13·5 | 0·005 | 12·5 | 11·6–13·5 | 12·7 | 11·3–14·3 | 0·483 | 0·088 |
| % of TE from animal protein | 3·1 | 2·0–4·2 | 4·6 | 2·9–7·5 | <0·001 | 5·4 | 4·3–6·9 | 6·8 | 5·1–8·5 | <0·001 | 0·109 |
| % of TE from plant protein | 7·5 | 6·7–8·1 | 6·2 | 5·2–7·2 | <0·001 | 6·5 | 5·7–7·2 | 5·7 | 4·8–6·3 | <0·001 | 0·014 |
| % of TE from total fat | 17·8 | 13·6–23·1 | 21·5 | 15·7–28·9 | <0·001 | 24·9 | 21·6–29·4 | 26·3 | 22·1–31·3 | 0·329 | 0·003 |
| % of TE from saturated fat | 3·9 | 2·5–5·1 | 6·2 | 4·1–8·5 | <0·001 | 6·4 | 5·1–7·6 | 6·9 | 5·7–8·8 | 0·001 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from monounsaturated fat | 3·9 | 2·7–5·5 | 6·3 | 4·3–8·6 | <0·001 | 7·1 | 5·8–8·4 | 8·0 | 6·5–9·8 | 0·001 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from polyunsaturated fat | 5·9 | 4·1–7·9 | 6·1 | 4·2–8·9 | 0·021 | 7·2 | 5·7–8·8 | 7·2 | 5·7–9·1 | 0·943 | 0·106 |
| % of TE from total carbohydrate | 63·8 | 58·1–69·7 | 59·5 | 51·6–66·5 | <0·001 | 56·1 | 52·0–60·6 | 54·3 | 48·4–59·7 | 0·011 | 0·113 |
| % of TE from added sugar | 5·8 | 2·9–8·3 | 8·1 | 4·5–14·2 | <0·001 | 6·5 | 4·5–9·2 | 7·9 | 4·5–12·0 | 0·001 | 0·048 |
| % of TE from alcohol | 2·0 | 0–12·5 | 0·3 | 0–6·0 | <0·001 | 3·5 | 0–7·9 | 1·4 | 0–4·9 | 0·012 | 0·204 |
| Nutrient density | |||||||||||
| Dietary fibre (g/4·2 MJ) | 11·4 | 8·8–13·2 | 9·6 | 7·8–10·9 | <0·001 | 11·0 | 9·5–12·9 | 9·9 | 8·3–11·2 | <0·001 | 0·187 |
| Ca (mg/4·2 MJ) | 130·1 | 98·5–167·8 | 140·1 | 99·8–214·2 | 0·164 | 179·9 | 139·5–222·3 | 179·1 | 134·2–233·9 | 0·896 | 0·259 |
| Fe (mg/4·2 MJ) | 5·3 | 4·8–5·7 | 6·9 | 6·2–7·7 | 0·019 | 5·4 | 4·9–5·9 | 6·9 | 6·1–7·8 | 0·344 | 0·016 |
| Zn (mg/4·2 MJ) | 7·2 | 6·6–8·3 | 6·1 | 5·2–6·9 | <0·001 | 6·8 | 6·0–7·6 | 6·1 | 5·0–6·9 | <0·001 | 0·168 |
| Thiamin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 0·9 | 0·8–1·1 | 0·9 | 0·7–1·0 | <0·001 | 0·8 | 0·7–0·9 | 0·8 | 0·7–0·9 | 0·352 | 0·014 |
| Riboflavin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 0·6 | 0·5–0·8 | 0·6 | 0·5–0·7 | 0·983 | 0·7 | 0·6–0·8 | 0·7 | 0·6–0·8 | 0·202 | 0·340 |
| Niacin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 7·5 | 6·4–8·6 | 10·6 | 9·4–12·1 | <0·001 | 7·8 | 7·1–8·8 | 11·0 | 9·7–12·5 | <0·001 | 0·818 |
| Vitamin C (mg/4·2 MJ) | 6·3 | 3·9–9·4 | 12·4 | 6·5–22·8 | <0·001 | 14·6 | 9·9–21·6 | 19·3 | 13·2–28·7 | <0·001 | 0·062 |
PURE-NWP-SA, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology in the North West Province of South Africa; P25, 25th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; TE, total energy.
*
P value for significance of differences in intakes between 2005 and 2010 for rural men or urban men (two-sample Wilcoxon test)).
†
P value for significance of differences in the change in intakes from 2005 to 2010 between rural men and urban men (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).