Table 3.
Daily nutrient intake, energy distribution and nutrient density of the female cohort by rural/urban residence in 2005 and 2010; PURE-NWP-SA study
| Rural women (n 411) | Urban women (n 355) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2010 | 2005 | 2010 | ||||||||
| Energy and nutrients | Median | P25–P75 | Median | P25–P75 | P † | Median | P25–P75 | Median | P25–P75 | P value* | P value† |
| Energy (MJ) | 6·2 | 5·0–7·6 | 9·1 | 6·9–12·8 | <0·001 | 9·0 | 6·5–11·6 | 11. 7 | 8·9–14·9 | <0·001 | 0·049 |
| Total protein (g) | 40·4 | 31·9–51·0 | 60·4 | 44·6–82·5 | <0·001 | 63·2 | 47·4–87·4 | 86·5 | 64·2–113·9 | <0·001 | 0·808 |
| Plant protein (g) | 27·1 | 20·9–33·2 | 33·6 | 24·3–48·9 | <0·001 | 31·1 | 22·8–40·4 | 36·5 | 26·7–49·3 | <0·001 | 0·039 |
| Animal protein (g) | 12·5 | 7·3–18·5 | 24·1 | 14·1–37·1 | <0·001 | 29·2 | 21·4–40·9 | 46·7 | 30·9–65·9 | <0·001 | 0·055 |
| Total fat (g) | 32·1 | 23·2–42·4 | 56·6 | 36·6–86·7 | <0·001 | 64·7 | 45·9–88·4 | 83·5 | 58·3–112·4 | <0·001 | 0·003 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 7·0 | 4·6–9·8 | 15·4 | 9·6–24·5 | <0·001 | 16·6 | 11·3–23·0 | 22·9 | 15·3–31·4 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (g) | 7·1 | 4·9–10·7 | 15·9 | 9·8–24·6 | <0·001 | 18·1 | 12·2–26·2 | 25·7 | 16·7–36·5 | <0·001 | 0·026 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 10·3 | 7·0–14·7 | 17·7 | 10·9–27·7 | <0·001 | 18·3 | 12·6–25·8 | 22·6 | 16·0–33·7 | <0·001 | 0·002 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 102 | 60–157 | 167 | 83 313 | <0·001 | 234·9 | 152·9–334·9 | 342·4 | 215·1–509·8 | <0·001 | 0·018 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 243·5 | 191·3–295·6 | 322·0 | 240·9–468·8 | <0·001 | 294·6 | 209·8–376·2 | 368·3 | 274·9–477·7 | <0·001 | 0·103 |
| Added sugar (g) | 23·9 | 12·8–36·5 | 46·6 | 24·2–83·6 | <0·001 | 40·6 | 24·1–62·1 | 67·6 | 32·6–98·5 | <0·001 | 0·201 |
| Dietary fibre (g) | 17·3 | 13·8–22·1 | 20·7 | 14·9–31·3 | <0·001 | 22·8 | 15·1–30·6 | 27·5 | 19·6–37·8 | <0·001 | 0·659 |
| Ca (mg) | 198 | 129–277 | 344 | 200–514 | <0·001 | 402 | 282–622 | 526 | 372–740 | <0·001 | 0·050 |
| Fe (mg) | 11·2 | 8·9–13·9 | 15·5 | 11·2–21·6 | <0·001 | 13·8 | 9·5–18·7 | 18·7 | 13·8–25·2 | <0·001 | 0·526 |
| Mg (µg) | 240 | 188–310 | 365 | 270–522 | <0·001 | 331 | 237–424 | 402 | 300–548 | <0·001 | 0·004 |
| P (mg) | 694 | 544–876 | 1054 | 788–1413 | <0·001 | 1018 | 744–1361 | 1292 | 976–1751 | <0·001 | 0·063 |
| K (mg) | 1223 | 991–1546 | 2322 | 1742–3213 | <0·001 | 2088 | 1394–2581 | 2948 | 2208–3898 | <0·001 | 0·063 |
| Zn (mg) | 7·9 | 6·2–9·6 | 12·4 | 9·0–17·3 | <0·001 | 10·8 | 7·5–14·8 | 15·7 | 11·8–20·9 | <0·001 | 0·302 |
| Cu (mg) | 1·0 | 0·8–1·3 | 1·4 | 1·0–1·9 | <0·001 | 1·4 | 1·0–1·9 | 1·7 | 1·3–2·4 | <0·001 | 0·275 |
| Mn (mg) | 1221 | 783–1876 | 1820 | 1296–2524 | <0·001 | 2252 | 1532–3152 | 2650 | 1804–3618 | <0·001 | 0·112 |
| Vitamin A (µg) | 476 | 336–704 | 959 | 609–1575 | <0·001 | 995 | 560–1563 | 1724 | 985–2588 | <0·001 | 0·241 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1·4 | 1·1–1·8 | 1·8 | 1·3–2·6 | <0·001 | 1·5 | 1·1–2·2 | 2·0 | 1·6–2·9 | <0·001 | 0·843 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 0·7 | 0·6–1·0 | 1·2 | 0·9–1·7 | <0·001 | 1·4 | 0·9–2·0 | 1·9 | 1·4–2·7 | <0·001 | 0·605 |
| Niacin (mg) | 10·4 | 8·4–13·6 | 22·2 | 15·7–30·6 | <0·001 | 16·1 | 11·3–22·3 | 28·2 | 21·0–38·9 | <0·001 | 0·788 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1·2 | 0·9–1·5 | 2·2 | 1·5–3·8 | <0·001 | 1·6 | 1·1–2·3 | 3·4 | 2·5–4·7 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| Folate (µg) | 335 | 253–429 | 424 | 260–663 | <0·001 | 374 | 272–531 | 533 | 375–781 | <0·001 | 0·054 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg) | 1·7 | 0·8–3·0 | 2·4 | 1·2–5·2 | <0·001 | 4·6 | 2·7–7·5 | 5·6 | 3·1–10·6 | <0·001 | 0·876 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 2·6 | 2·0–3·5 | 4·3 | 3·1–6·6 | <0·001 | 4·7 | 3·4–6·2 | 6·8 | 5·4–9·5 | <0·001 | 0·003 |
| Biotin (µg) | 22·2 | 16·9–31·7 | 29·2 | 20·1–44·5 | <0·001 | 42·8 | 29·8–58·3 | 58·7 | 38·6–78·7 | <0·001 | 0·002 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 13 | 8–19 | 32 | 18–55 | <0·001 | 40 | 21–59 | 64 | 40–107 | <0·001 | 0·132 |
| Vitamin D (mg) | 1·6 | 0·8–2·6 | 1·9 | 0·9–0·9 | <0·001 | 2·8 | 1·6–4·7 | 4·2 | 2·5–6·6 | <0·001 | 0·045 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 7·9 | 5·6–12·1 | 11·2 | 6·9–16·7 | <0·001 | 12·4 | 8·4–16·9 | 14·7 | 9·6–21·7 | <0·001 | 0·307 |
| Alcohol (g) | 0·0 | 0·0–0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0–0·0 | 0·017 | 0·0 | 0·0–14·3 | 0·0 | 0·0–6·1 | 0·092 | 0·825 |
| Energy distribution | |||||||||||
| % of TE from protein | 10·9 | 9·9–12·0 | 11·1 | 9·6–12·9 | 0·326 | 12·5 | 11·3–13·5 | 12·5 | 11·1–14·3 | 0·025 | 0·315 |
| % of TE from animal protein | 3·3 | 2·2–4·8 | 4·5 | 2·8–6·7 | <0·001 | 5·8 | 4·7–7·2 | 6·8 | 5·1–9·2 | <0·001 | 0·817 |
| % of TE from plant protein | 7·5 | 6·6–8·0 | 6·3 | 5·4–7·4 | <0·001 | 6·1 | 5·3–6·8 | 5·5 | 4·6–6·2 | <0·001 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from total fat | 20·3 | 15·6–24·5 | 22·9 | 17·7–30·0 | <0·001 | 28·4 | 23·7–31·9 | 27·7 | 22·8–32·3 | 0·335 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from saturated fat | 4·3 | 2·9–5·7 | 6·5 | 4·6–8·5 | <0·001 | 7·0 | 5·8–8·6 | 7·5 | 5·9–9·0 | 0·130 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from monounsaturated fat | 4·5 | 3·2–5·9 | 6·2 | 4·6–8·7 | <0·001 | 7·9 | 6·4–9·8 | 8·4 | 6·6–10·5 | 0·019 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from polyunsaturated fat | 6·5 | 4·8–8·6 | 7·3 | 4·9–9·9 | <0·001 | 8·0 | 6·4–9·7 | 7·6 | 6·1–9·3 | 0·125 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from total carbohydrate | 66·7 | 61·3–71·9 | 61·7 | 53·8–67·7 | <0·001 | 55·7 | 51·1–60·2 | 54·1 | 49·5–59·8 | 0·039 | <0·001 |
| % of TE from added sugar | 6·4 | 3·7–10·2 | 8·9 | 4·3–14·9 | <0·001 | 8·2 | 5·7–10·8 | 9·0 | 5·9–14·5 | <0·001 | 0·055 |
| % of TE from alcohol | 0·0 | 0·0–0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0–0·0 | <0·001 | 0·0 | 0·0–4·4 | 0·0 | 0·0–1·5 | 0·002 | 0·731 |
| Nutrient density | |||||||||||
| Dietary fibre (g/4·2 MJ) | 11·9 | 9·8–13·9 | 9·7 | 8·1–11·7 | <0·001 | 10·7 | 8·9–12·3 | 10·2 | 8·7–11·8 | 0·193 | <0·001 |
| Ca (mg/4·2 MJ) | 124·1 | 96·4–163·7 | 154·7 | 96·8–224·3 | <0·001 | 198·4 | 157·2–261·0 | 195·0 | 147·9–248·0 | 0·134 | <0·001 |
| Fe (mg/4·2 MJ) | 5·4 | 4·8–5·9 | 6·9 | 6·2–7·8 | <0·001 | 5·2 | 4·6–5·8 | 6·8 | 6·0–7·7 | 0·003 | <0·001 |
| Zn (mg/4·2 MJ) | 7·7 | 6·7–8·7 | 5·8 | 4·9–6·6 | <0·001 | 6·5 | 5·6–7·5 | 5·6 | 4·9–6·6 | <0·001 | 0·281 |
| Thiamin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 0·9 | 0·8–1·2 | 0·8 | 0·7–1·0 | <0·001 | 0·8 | 0·7–0·9 | 0·8 | 0·6–0·9 | 0·725 | <0·001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 0·5 | 0·4–0·6 | 0·5 | 0·5–0·7 | 0·007 | 0·7 | 0·6–0·8 | 0·7 | 0·6–0·9 | 0·006 | 0·501 |
| Niacin (mg/4·2 MJ) | 7·2 | 6·3–8·3 | 10·1 | 8·6–11·6 | <0·001 | 7·4 | 6·7–8·6 | 10·4 | 9·1–12·1 | <0·001 | 0·582 |
| Vitamin C (mg/4·2 MJ) | 8·8 | 5·6–12·7 | 13·8 | 8·2–22·8 | <0·001 | 17·8 | 12·8–24·4 | 23·9 | 16·3–34·8 | <0·001 | 0·963 |
PURE-NWP-SA, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology in the North West Province of South Africa; P25, 25th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; TE, total energy.
*
P value for significance of differences in intakes between 2005 and 2010 for rural women or urban women (two-sample Wilcoxon test)).
†
P value for significance of differences in the change in intakes from 2005 to 2010 between rural women and urban women (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).