Table 4.
Nutrient intakes of the male cohort, expressed as a percentage of the recommendation, and the percentage who did not meet recommendations by urban/rural residence in 2005 and 2010; PURE-NWP-SA study
| Rural men (n 186) | Urban men (n 202) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2010 | 2005 | 2010 | |||||||||||
| Nutrients | Median | P25–P75 | %* | Median | P25–P75 | %* | P value† | Median | P25–P75 | %* | Median | P25–P75 | %* | P value† |
| Total protein | 79·3 | 63·1–109·2 | 69·9 | 118·2 | 83·6–163·3 | 37·6 | <0·001 | 129·9 | 93·8–171·0 | 30·7 | 178·5 | 134·0–247·2 | 10·4 | <0·001 |
| Cholesterol | 37 | 24–57 | 95·2 | 70·1 | 29·1–125·7 | 64·5 | <0·001 | 83·1 | 54·4–118·3 | 66·8 | 136·0 | 92·9–219·1 | 28·7 | <0·001 |
| Dietary fibre | 73·9 | 56·8–100·7 | 74·7 | 82·4 | 56·7–124·6 | 64·0 | 0·020 | 109·0 | 70·1–141·6 | 47·0 | 125·7 | 92·4–172·5 | 31·2 | <0·001 |
| Ca | 28·4 | 19·3–42·8 | 98·9 | 42·0 | 24·0–66·2 | 94·1 | 0·013 | 49·2 | 36·0–71·5 | 89·6 | 71·8 | 53·3–99·7 | 75·3 | <0·001 |
| Fe | 203·6 | 151·1–265·0 | 6·5 | 265·9 | 189·5–385·7 | 4·3 | 0·346 | 266·3 | 186·8–364·2 | 6·4 | 369·1 | 270·3–500·9 | 0·0 | <0·001 |
| Mg | 84·8 | 61·3–129·1 | 61·3 | 114·8 | 81·4–166·0 | 38·7 | <0·001 | 111·1 | 82·2–153·9 | 38·1 | 140·8 | 105·4–212·9 | 20·3 | <0·001 |
| P | 146·0 | 111·4–191·8 | 18·3 | 208·0 | 144·6–282·4 | 9·1 | 0·007 | 190·9 | 147·6–254·7 | 9·4 | 283·1 | 201·0–384·4 | 1·5 | <0·001 |
| K | 29·7 | 23·2–37·4 | 100·0 | 51·9 | 36·4–69·0 | 94·1 | <0·001 | 44·2 | 32·5–59·8 | 97·5 | 70·8 | 51·5–93·1 | 80·7 | <0·001 |
| Zn | 91·9 | 70·7–119·8 | 55·4 | 141·6 | 100·5–214·9 | 24·7 | <0·001 | 133·3 | 95·3–181·6 | 27·2 | 196·0 | 150·2–281·9 | 5·9 | <0·001 |
| Cu | 153·4 | 114·3–215·9 | 14·0 | 198·1 | 133·8–278·6 | 9·1 | 0·150 | 211·4 | 151·5–269·7 | 10·9 | 272·6 | 202·9–375·3 | 0·5 | <0·001 |
| Mn | 76·1 | 48·2–141·7 | 63·4 | 89·6 | 57·8–135·8 | 53·2 | 0·042 | 115·1 | 82·6–168·1 | 42·6 | 136·2 | 96·5–182·1 | 27·2 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin A | 68·3 | 43·9–113·8 | 70·4 | 150·5 | 85·6–276·3 | 30·7 | <0·001 | 142·4 | 85·7–231·5 | 33·2 | 278·7 | 166·8–411·6 | 5·5 | <0·001 |
| Thiamin | 158·7 | 119·4–206·2 | 14·5 | 190·3 | 128·1–283·7 | 10·8 | 0·250 | 190·9 | 134·1–273·4 | 12·9 | 245·4 | 183·6–370·1 | 3·5 | <0·001 |
| Riboflavin | 84·4 | 61·9–128·8 | 63·4 | 131·0 | 88·4–179·1 | 32·8 | <0·001 | 136·3 | 95·6–186·4 | 26·2 | 206·6 | 140·3–281·5 | 7·9 | <0·001 |
| Niacin | 101·4 | 78·0–146·5 | 48·9 | 200·7 | 142·0–290·1 | 7·0 | <0·001 | 154·3 | 116·8–209·4 | 19·3 | 286·6 | 209·7–414·0 | 0·0 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B6 | 101·5 | 78·1–128·8 | 46·8 | 202·0 | 124·9–305·2 | 8·6 | <0·001 | 157·1 | 95·1–210·7 | 28·2 | 331·8 | 209·2–475·9 | 1·0 | <0·001 |
| Folate | 111·6 | 84·0–146·1 | 39·8 | 146·1 | 94·0–232·8 | 29·0 | 0·027 | 138·4 | 96·0–195·8 | 26·2 | 211·2 | 151·7–319·6 | 8·4 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B12 | 88·0 | 45·3–147·6 | 59·1 | 129·6 | 65·8–275·9 | 39·8 | <0·001 | 238·8 | 118·2–385·1 | 17·3 | 306·0 | 180·2–564·2 | 9·4 | 0·014 |
| Pantothenic acid | 57·4 | 44·8–81·5 | 86·0 | 92·0 | 62·9–130·2 | 55·4 | <0·001 | 98·5 | 71·3–131·1 | 51·0 | 172·1 | 124·0–228·6 | 15·8 | <0·001 |
| Biotin | 83·4 | 60·8–106·4 | 67·7 | 102·7 | 64·1–161·4 | 48·4 | <0·001 | 152·6 | 98·3–205·7 | 25·3 | 208·3 | 139·5–295·8 | 9·9 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin C | 15·3 | 9·0–22·0 | 99·5 | 39·1 | 18·1–74·8 | 85·0 | <0·001 | 43·8 | 26·5–76·5 | 84·2 | 82·7 | 48·0–128·8 | 58·4 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin D | 17·1 | 8·9–26·5 | 98·9 | 23·8 | 9·6–51·2 | 90·3 | <0·001 | 32·0 | 19·8–48·1 | 97·5 | 50·2 | 27·5–81·7 | 82·2 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin E | 69·8 | 43·0–99·3 | 75·8 | 98·0 | 48·8–162·7 | 51·6 | <0·001 | 103·4 | 68·9–145·4 | 48·5 | 128·5 | 87·8–196·9 | 30·2 | <0·001 |
| Energy distribution | ||||||||||||||
| % of TE from fat | 59·3 | 45·2–76·9 | 94·6 | 71·6 | 52·2–96·6 | 78·0 | <0·001 | 83·1 | 72·1–98·1 | 77·2 | 87·8 | 73·6–104·4 | 69·3 | 0·056 |
| % of TE from saturated fat | 38·5 | 25·1–50·6 | 96·2 | 62·1 | 41·3–84·5 | 90·3 | 0·016 | 64·5 | 45·0–91·8 | 93·6 | 68·8 | 56·5–87·2 | 87·6 | 0·034 |
| % of TE from polyunsaturated fat | 99·7 | 69·4–131·9 | 51·6 | 101·6 | 70·6–148·8 | 49·5 | 0·689 | 119·4 | 95·5–148·2 | 29·2 | 120·1 | 94·6–151·7 | 29·2 | 1·000 |
| % of TE from added sugar | 58·3 | 29·9–82·9 | 85·0 | 80·7 | 45·4–142·4 | 57·0 | <0·001 | 63·6 | 51·1–75·5 | 80·2 | 79·7 | 45·4–120·3 | 64·4 | <0·001 |
PURE-NWP-SA, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology in the North West Province of South Africa; P25, 25th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; TE, total energy.
*
Percentage of participants not meeting the recommendations.
†
P value for significance of differences between 2005 and 2010 for rural men or urban men not meeting the recommendations (Wilcoxon two-sample test).