Table 5.
Nutrient intakes of the female cohort, expressed as a percentage of the recommendation, and percentage who did not meet recommendations by urban/rural residence in 2005 and 2010; PURE-NWP-SA study
| Rural women (n 411) | Urban women (n 355) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 2010 | 2005 | 2010 | |||||||||||
| Nutrients | Median | P25–P75 | %* | Median | P25–P75 | %* | P value† | Median | P25–P75 | %* | Median | P25–P75 | %* | P value† |
| Total protein | 87·9 | 69·4–110·9 | 63·3 | 131·4 | 97·0–179·3 | 27·3 | <0·001 | 137·6 | 103·1–190·0 | 22·3 | 188·1 | 139·6–247·7 | 9·6 | <0·001 |
| Cholesterol | 33·9 | 20·1–52·3 | 93·2 | 55·8 | 27·8–104·5 | 73·7 | <0·001 | 78·3 | 51·0–111·6 | 66·8 | 114·1 | 71·7–169·9 | 39·4 | <0·001 |
| Dietary fibre | 69·3 | 55·0–88·4 | 87·6 | 83·0 | 59·9–125·0 | 62·3 | <0·001 | 91·0 | 60·4–122·5 | 56·9 | 109·9 | 78·3–151·1 | 42·3 | <0·001 |
| Ca | 22·9 | 14·7–31·6 | 98·5 | 38·0 | 22·5–57·5 | 94·4 | 0·002 | 46·0 | 30·9–70·7 | 93·0 | 56·2 | 39·1–82·4 | 85·1 | <0·001 |
| Fe | 166·0 | 123·8–216·8 | 10·5 | 250·3 | 176·8–352·0 | 3·4 | <0·001 | 206·0 | 144·7–305·9 | 9·6 | 316·1 | 226·8–431·4 | 1·1 | <0·001 |
| Mg | 90·5 | 71·0–116·9 | 59·9 | 137·8 | 101·8–196·8 | 23·1 | <0·001 | 125·0 | 89·4–159·9 | 31·0 | 151·8 | 113·1–206·7 | 15·5 | <0·001 |
| P | 119·7 | 93·9–151·0 | 29·7 | 181·7 | 135·9–243·6 | 6·1 | <0·001 | 175·5 | 128·2–234·7 | 10·7 | 222·7 | 168·3–301·8 | 3·1 | <0·001 |
| K | 26·0 | 21·1–32·9 | 99·8 | 49·4 | 37·1–68·4 | 93·4 | <0·001 | 44·4 | 29·7–54·9 | 98·9 | 62·7 | 47·0–82·9 | 85·6 | <0·001 |
| Zn | 115·8 | 91·5–141·8 | 33·6 | 182·0 | 132·8–254·3 | 7·3 | <0·001 | 159·5 | 110·9–217·4 | 18·0 | 231·3 | 173·4–308·1 | 5·4 | <0·001 |
| Cu | 141·6 | 112·0–178·6 | 73·7 | 198·5 | 140·6–269·4 | 7·5 | <0·001 | 196·2 | 143·3–272·8 | 34·4 | 243·3 | 178·2–345·3 | 3·9 | 0·002 |
| Mn | 67·8 | 43·5–104·2 | 16·6 | 101·1 | 72·0–140·2 | 49·2 | <0·001 | 125·1 | 85·1–175·1 | 9·6 | 147·2 | 100·2–201·0 | 24·8 | 0·004 |
| Vitamin A | 95·2 | 67·2–140·8 | 53·3 | 192·0 | 121·8–315·1 | 18·0 | <0·001 | 198·9 | 112·1–312·6 | 21·4 | 344·8 | 197·1–517·6 | 3·1 | <0·001 |
| Thiamin | 158·7 | 126·0–200·9 | 8·0 | 200·0 | 141·9–287·0 | 9·3 | 0·529 | 170·0 | 124·4–248·7 | 12·7 | 226·5 | 172·0–317·2 | 4·2 | <0·001 |
| Riboflavin | 80·9 | 62·1–112·5 | 68·1 | 135·9 | 99·4–193·4 | 25·3 | <0·001 | 156·4 | 108·9–223·1 | 21·7 | 221·1 | 155·2–298·4 | 7·6 | <0·001 |
| Niacin | 94·6 | 76·5–123·4 | 55·2 | 201·3 | 142·9–278·6 | 6·6 | <0·001 | 146·1 | 102·5–202·7 | 22·8 | 256·0 | 191·3–353·7 | 2·0 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B6 | 98·6 | 77·8–129·0 | 50·6 | 184·8 | 125·2–297·8 | 11·4 | <0·001 | 130·0 | 86·5–190·3 | 30·7 | 289·8 | 198·0–394·6 | 2·0 | <0·001 |
| Folate | 104·6 | 79·1–134·0 | 45·7 | 132·6 | 81·1–207·1 | 34·8 | <0·001 | 116·9 | 84·8–165·9 | 36·6 | 166·5 | 117·1–244·0 | 16·1 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B12 | 82·9 | 40·5–150·7 | 56·9 | 120·1 | 62·2–258·7 | 41·6 | <0·001 | 229·8 | 133·7–374·6 | 17·8 | 280·7 | 152·3–532·2 | 12·4 | 0·042 |
| Pantothenic acid | 52·1 | 40·0–70·5 | 92·0 | 85·8 | 61·4–131·0 | 59·6 | <0·001 | 94·2 | 67·6–123·1 | 56·1 | 136·8 | 108·3–190·9 | 20·0 | <0·001 |
| Biotin | 74·1 | 56·3–105·5 | 72·0 | 97·3 | 66·9–148·2 | 51·6 | <0·001 | 142·6 | 99·5–194·3 | 25·1 | 195·7 | 128·7–262·4 | 14·9 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin C | 20·9 | 13·7–31·5 | 98·1 | 52·6 | 29·4–90·9 | 78·4 | <0·001 | 66·3 | 35·0–98·6 | 75·2 | 106·8 | 67·1–178·5 | 46·8 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin D | 15·9 | 8·4–25·6 | 98·8 | 19·5 | 9·3–45·7 | 94·4 | <0·001 | 27·6 | 15·8–47·3 | 98·3 | 41·5 | 24·8–66·2 | 91·8 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin E | 66·4 | 46·8–100·6 | 74·5 | 93·1 | 58·0–139·1 | 53·3 | <0·001 | 103·6 | 70·4–141·0 | 46·2 | 122·2 | 80·0–181·1 | 37·2 | 0·011 |
| Energy distribution | ||||||||||||||
| % of TE from fat | 67·5 | 52·0–81·7 | 92·0 | 76·2 | 58·9–100·0 | 74·9 | <0·001 | 94·6 | 78·9–106·5 | 62·8 | 92·2 | 76·1–107·6 | 61·1 | 0·629 |
| % of TE from saturated fat | 64·2 | 36·5–102·0 | 97·8 | 64·6 | 45·6–85·2 | 88·1 | <0·001 | 81·8 | 56·9–108·2 | 88·2 | 75·0 | 58·8–90·1 | 83·4 | 0·065 |
| % of TE from polyunsaturated fat | 107·8 | 80·4–143·2 | 43·1 | 121·7 | 83·2–166·5 | 33·8 | 0·004 | 133·5 | 107·4–161·7 | 18·6 | 126·9 | 101·9–154·2 | 22·5 | 0·186 |
| % of TE from added sugar | 42·8 | 29·9–56·8 | 74·2 | 89·8 | 42·7–149·0 | 55·7 | <0·001 | 70·2 | 57·5–85·7 | 67·9 | 90·3 | 59·4–144·7 | 55·8 | <0·001 |
PURE-NWP-SA, Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology in the North West Province of South Africa; P25, 25th percentile; P75, 75th percentile; TE, total energy.
*
Percentage of participants not meeting the recommendations.
†
P value for significance of differences between 2005 and 2010 for rural women or urban women not meeting the recommendations (Wilcoxon two-sample test).