Table 3.

Multivariable analysis using Firth’s logistic regression to determine the factors associated with different forms of household-level mother–child double burden of malnutrition in Bangladesh (n 5951). Data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2014

		OWOBM/UWC		OWOBM/STC		OWOBM/WSC		OWOBM/USWC
Characteristic	Response	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI	OR	95 % CI
Mother’s education	No education					Ref.
	Primary					1·73	0·61, 6·24
	Secondary					1·14	0·38, 4·29
	Higher					1·33	0·33, 6·13
Mother’s age at first birth	≤15 years	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
	16–20 years	1·07	0·64, 1·88	1·83*	1·1, 3·24	1·17	0·56, 2·82	1·35	0·89, 2·09
	21–25 years	2·40*	1·32, 4·52	2·45*	1·32, 4·70	1·08	0·39, 3·08	1·97*	1·18, 3·32
	≥26 years	0·83	0·16, 2·81	0·29	0·01, 1·55	0·93	0·16, 4·06	0·52	0·12, 1·53
Mother currently working	Yes
	No
Father’s education	No education					Ref.		Ref.
	Primary					0·83	0·32, 2·19	1·41	0·88, 2·28
	Secondary					1·92	0·80, 4·97	2·05	1·29, 3·33
	Higher					1·86	0·59, 5·95	1·42	0·79, 2·57
Father’s occupation	Farmer							Ref.
	Labour							0·73	0·44, 1·19
	Service/businessman							1·03	0·69, 1·54
	Others (unemployment, retired)							0·26	0·03, 0·95
Place of residence	Urban	1·28	0·81, 2·00	1·20	0·8, 1·79			1·33	0·94, 1·88
	Rural	Ref.		Ref.				Ref.
Wealth index quintile	Poorest	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
	Poor	2·14	1·00, 4·86	1·11	0·57, 2·16	2·08	0·85, 5·57	1·39	0·80, 2·46
	Middle	3·23*	1·56, 7·22	1·96*	1·07, 3·70	0·83	0·26, 2·61	1·60	0·92, 2·85
	Rich	1·89	0·86, 4·44	1·56	0·82, 3·05	0·67	0·20, 2·20	1·37	0·76, 2·51
	Richest	2·01	0·88, 4·9	1·21	0·59, 2·53	1·83	0·63, 5·76	1·39	0·73, 2·69
Family exposed to media	Television/radio/newspaper	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
	Not at al	1·90*	1·13, 3·27	1·57	0·99, 2·53	1·25	0·61, 2·63	1·47*	1·01, 2·22
Child’s age	0–23 months	Ref.		Ref.		Ref.		Ref.
	24–59 months	1·22	0·80, 1·85	0·89	0·61, 1·29			0·99	0·72, 1·37
Received deworming drug	Yes, last 2 weeks	0·67	0·42, 1·04	0·80	0·53, 1·18			0·72	0·51, 1·01
	No	Ref.		Ref.				Ref.
Fever	Yes, last 2 weeks
	No			Ref.				Ref.
Ever vaccination	Yes	Ref.		Ref.				Ref.
	No	0·82	0·55, 1·24	0·67*	0·47, 0·97			0·84	0·62, 1·17
Size of child at birth	Larger than average	0·41*	0·18, 0·83
	Average	Ref.		Ref.
	Smaller than average	0·93	0·56, 1·47
Total children ever born	1 (single child)	Ref.		Ref.				Ref.
	2 or 3	2·71*	1·70, 4·47	2·49*	1·66, 3·8			2·59*	1·84, 3·71
	4 or more	4·03*	2·14, 7·54	4·09*	2·35, 7·06			4·72*	2·93, 7·60
Delivery by C-section	Yes			1·78	1·20, 2·60	1·37	0·73, 2·54	1·68*	1·20, 2·33
	No			Ref.		Ref.		Ref.

OWOBM/UWC, overweight or obese mother and underweight child; OWOBM/STC, overweight or obese mother and stunted child; OWOBM/WSC, overweight or obese mother and wasted child; OWOBM/USWC, overweight or obese mother and underweight or stunted or wasted child; C-section, caesarean section, ref., reference category.

*Statistical significance at P<0·05.